Pharmacological Study on Agkistrodon blomhoffii blomhoffii BOIE. V. Anti-fatigue Effect of the 50% Ethanol Extract in Acute Weight-Loaded Forced Swimming-Treated Rats.

Moriura, Toshitsugu; Matsuda, Hideaki; Kubo, Michinori

doi:10.1248/bpb.19.62

Cited by 48 publications

(33 citation statements)

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“…[24][25][26] Saponins and polysaccharides isolated from natural products have anti-fatigue activity: saponins from Astragalus membranaceus and Panax ginseng and polysaccharides from Morinda officinalis and Radix Rehmanniae Preparata exhibit the anti-fatigue activities. 18,[27][28][29] Ginseng has been used for a long time in Asian countries to treat many disorders, including aging, fatigue, stress, tumor, and insomnia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anti-fatigue Effects of 20(S)-Protopanaxadiol and 20(S)-Protopanaxatriol in Mice

Kim²,

Choi

et al. 2015

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

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Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. MEYER, Araliaceae), which contains protopanaxadiol-type and protopanaxatriol-type ginsenosides, has been used for inflammation, fatigue, stress, and tumor in Asian countries. Orally administered ginsenosides are metabolized to their aglycones 20(S)-protopanaxadiol (PPD) and 20(S)-protopanaxatriol (PPT) by gut microbiota. However, their anti-fatigue effects have not been studied thoroughly. Therefore, we investigated the anti-fatigue activities of PPD and PPT in mice, using the weightloaded swimming (WLS) and the rota-rod tests. Ginseng water extract (GW), ginseng saponin fraction (GWS) and ginseng polysaccharide fraction (GWP) at concentrations of 50 and 100 mg/kg and PPD and PPT at 5 and 10 mg/kg were orally administered to mice once daily for 5 d. GW, GWS, and PPT significantly increased the WLS time, however, GWP and PPD did not cause any significant change. PPT induced the most significant increase in WLS time. PPD (10 mg/kg) and PPT (5 and 10 mg/kg) inhibited the WLS-induced increase in corticosterone, lactate, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and creatinine levels as well as the reduction in glucose level. PPT increased the riding time in the rota-rod test, and also inhibited corticosterone, lactate, and creatinine levels. These findings suggest that the anti-fatigue effect of ginseng may be attributable to its saponins, particularly PPT, rather than to its polysaccharides. Key words Panax ginseng; 20(S)-protopanaxadiol; 20(S)-protopanaxatriol; fatigueFatigue is described as the lack of energy and motivation to initiate and sustain voluntary physical and mental activities.1) Physical fatigue is the transient inability of a muscle to maintain physical performance and is made more severe by physical stress. Mental fatigue is a transient decrease in cognitive performance. Most cases of fatigue may be attributed to lifestyle factors such as alcohol abuse and excessive physical activity, medical conditions such as multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's disease, or psychological problems such as anxiety and stress. Therefore, natural products including ginseng have been studied with the aim of developing anti-fatigue drugs to improve athletic ability, delay fatigue, and enhance the elimination of fatigue in humans. [2][3][4][5][6] Ginseng (the root of Panax ginseng C.A. MEYER, Araliaceae) has been widely used as a traditional Chinese medicine for enhancing body strength, recovering physical balance, and stimulating metabolic function in Asian countries. It contains various active constituents such as ginsenosides, polysaccharides, polyacetylenes, phenolic compounds, and peptides. 7)Of constituents, ginsenosides have been reported to show biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-fatigue, anti-stress, and anti-tumor activities. [8][9][10][11][12] The ginsenosides are classified as protopanaxadiols or protopanaxatriols. Orally administered protopanaxadiol-type and protopanaxatriol-type ginsenosides are metabolized to 20(S)-protopanaxadiol (PPD) via compound K and 20(S)-protopanax...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anti-fatigue Effects of 20(S)-Protopanaxadiol and 20(S)-Protopanaxatriol in Mice

Kim²,

Choi

et al. 2015

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

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“…27) Similarly, weight-loaded swimming tests have also been used as a reference for measuring the fatigue level objectively and quantitatively. [28][29][30] Recently, forced swimming tests were adopted not only to assess adjustment of rodents, but also to evaluate male reproductive function under repeated stress situations. [30][31][32][33] The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of SAA, an amino acid preparation from silk (cocoon), on physical stamina and male reproductive function.…”

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confidence: 99%

Silk Amino Acids Improve Physical Stamina and Male Reproductive Function of Mice

Shin

Yeon

Park

et al. 2010

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

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Silks are protein polymers that differ in their components and structures according to the insects producing the silk. 1)Silks from silkworm (Bombyx mori) and spiders (Nephila clavipes and Araneus diadematus) are composed of 2 major peptides, sericin and fibroin, 2) which are well known to have pharmacological activities including anti-diabetic effect. [3][4][5][6][7][8][9] Hydrolysis of silk proteins from silkworms leads to different peptide sizes, which eventually creates peptides that are 18-19 amino acids in length, while enzymatic degradation results in specific sizes or compositions of peptides 10,11) exerting diverse bioactivities 4,12,13) such as anti-diabetic, [5][6][7][8][9] hypocholesterolemic, 10,14,15) anti-oxidant, 16,17) immunoregulatory, 18) anti-tumor, 17,19) anti-viral, 20) anti-bacterial 21) effects. Silk amino acids (SAA) were also shown to decrease blood triglycerides and to preserve hepatic function. 10,14) In our previous studies, we found that repeatedly treating resting rats with a SAA preparation lowered blood levels of tissue injury parameters from the muscles and the liver.22) Also, it increased glucose and albumin levels, and potentiated hematopioesis including lymphocyte counts. Furthermore, a high dose (800 mg/kg) of SAA exerted stamina-enhancing activity in forced swimming mice by preventing tissue injuries and increasing anti-fatigue parameters.23) Such effects led us to investigate the effects of a SAA preparation on the physical stamina (energy-boosting) and male reproductive function in a forced swimming model. Forced swimming tests have been used to evaluate the behavioral performances of rodents to predict the efficacy of anti-depressant treatments, [24][25][26] since the animals exhibit immobility behavior considered a depression-like response, as a reflection of helplessness when subjected to an incapable situation.27) Similarly, weight-loaded swimming tests have also been used as a reference for measuring the fatigue level objectively and quantitatively. [28][29][30] Recently, forced swimming tests were adopted not only to assess adjustment of rodents, but also to evaluate male reproductive function under repeated stress situations. [30][31][32][33] The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of SAA, an amino acid preparation from silk (cocoon), on physical stamina and male reproductive function. Especially, we analyzed not only the maximum swimming time and blood and tissue parameters of muscular and hepatic injuries, but also hormone concentration and sperm counts following weight-loaded forced swimming. MATERIALS AND METHODSMaterials A preparation of SAA from acid (HCl) hydrolysate of silk proteins was obtained from Worldway Co., Ltd. (Jeoneui, Korea). The SAA preparation was mainly composed of Ala (34.36%)ϾGly (27.23%)ϾSer (9.58%)Ͼ Val (3.49%)ϾThr (2.00%), and minor amino acids. 23)Animals Eight-week-old male ICR mice (29-31 g, nϭ10 per group) were procured from the Daehan Laboratory Animal Center (Eumseong, Korea). The animals were maintained at a const...

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“…In general, the swimming exercise is known to induce blood biochemical changes. 10,19,20) The BUN, CK, LDH, Glc and TP are blood biochemical parameters related to fatigue. Therefore, our results indicate that the fatigue metabolism of mice was influenced by Herbkines treatment.…”

Section: Effect Of Herbkines On Blood Biochemical Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Herbkines Increases Physical Stamina in Mice

Koo

Lee

Hong

et al. 2004

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

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Pharmacological Study on Agkistrodon blomhoffii blomhoffii BOIE. V. Anti-fatigue Effect of the 50% Ethanol Extract in Acute Weight-Loaded Forced Swimming-Treated Rats.

Cited by 48 publications

References 0 publications

Anti-fatigue Effects of 20(<i>S</i>)-Protopanaxadiol and 20(<i>S</i>)-Protopanaxatriol in Mice

Anti-fatigue Effects of 20(<i>S</i>)-Protopanaxadiol and 20(<i>S</i>)-Protopanaxatriol in Mice

Silk Amino Acids Improve Physical Stamina and Male Reproductive Function of Mice

Herbkines Increases Physical Stamina in Mice

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