Pharmacological treatment and prognosis of ADHD

Elia, Josephine; Kingsley, Richard S.; Lam, Christopher T.; Takeda, Toshinobu; Berardinis, Rachel de; Laracy, Seth D.; Sackett, Jillan; Tang, Shih-Ching; Schardt, Martin; Nivus, Kristina; Hákonarson, Hákon; Algon, Sibel

doi:10.2217/ebo.13.229

Cited by 2 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…Atomoxetine and the a-adrenergic agonists are also widely-used, while tricyclics such as modafinil and Wellbutrin are less common and typically less effective 6 .…”

Section: Pastmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By then, the amphetamine derivative, methylphenidate, had been synthesized (1944) 6,12 , and subsequently marketed as ‘Ritalin’ 11,13 . These developments coincided with the waning influence of psychoanalysis, and the belief that behavioral disorders had little or no biological basis 11 .…”

Section: Pastmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Atomoxetine and the α-agonists have more targeted effects and this may be reflected in the lower response rates. Table 1, adapted from Elia et al (2014) 6 , summarizes approved medications worldwide including methylphenidate, amphetamines, α-adrenergic agonists, and a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. The most effective pharmacotherapies remain methylphenidate and amphetamine compounds.…”

Section: Presentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Table 2 (Elia et al , 2014) 6 summarizes the effect size of relevant ADHD treatments. In addition to stimulants, atomoxetine and α-adrenergic agonists are also effective in managing ADHD symptoms, though, as outlined, relevant effect sizes are comparably smaller to those of stimulants.…”

Section: Presentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As illustrated in Table 3, ADHD medications have been associated with a range of common and rare adverse effects 45 , that correlate with age/developmental-stage 21 . While many adverse events are often transient and dose-dependent 46 , effects such as appetite loss may persist for years 47 .…”

Section: Presentmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Pharmacotherapy—Past, Present, and Future: A Review of the Changing Landscape of Drug Therapy

Connolly

Glessner

Kao

et al. 2015

Ther Innov Regul Sci

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Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurobiological disorder in children, with a prevalence of ~6-7% 1,2 that has remained stable for decades 2 . The social and economic burden associated with patients 3 , families, and broader systems (healthcare/educational) is substantial, with the annual economic impact of ADHD exceed $30 billion in the US alone 4 . Efficacy of pharmacotherapy in treating ADHD symptoms has generally been considerable with at least ¾ of individuals benefitting from pharmacotherapy, typically in the form of stimulants 5 . In this review, we begin by briefly reviewing the history of pharmacotherapy in relation to ADHD, before focusing (primarily) on the state-of-the-field on themes such as biophysiology, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacogenomics. We conclude with a summary of emerging clinical and research studies, particularly the potential role for precision therapy in matching ADHD patients and drug types. KeywordsADHD; pharmacotherapy; pharmacology; drug; medication; adverse events PASTThe most common and effective medications are methylphenidates and amphetamines. Atomoxetine and the a-adrenergic agonists are also widely-used, while tricyclics such as modafinil and Wellbutrin are less common and typically less effective 6 .First synthesized in 1887, amphetamine (alpha-methylphenethylamine) was not studied clinically until 1927, initially as an artificial replacement for epinephrine 7 . For several years,

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“…Atomoxetine and the a-adrenergic agonists are also widely-used, while tricyclics such as modafinil and Wellbutrin are less common and typically less effective 6 .…”

Section: Pastmentioning

confidence: 99%