Pharmacology and toxicology of terbium, thulium, and ytterbium chlorides

Haley, Thomas J.; Komesu, N.; Flesher, Anna M.; Mavis, L.; Cawthorne, J.; Upham, H.C.

doi:10.1016/0041-008x(63)90014-0

Cited by 36 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Color tuning of radioluminescent perovskite nanocrystals has also recently been reported where counter‐ion type and concentration influenced the emission wavelength . However, the majority of these inorganic nanoparticle systems may pose varying levels of toxicity when employed in vivo and require chelating agents or a passivation overcoat, for example, biocompatible polymers, to deter leaching into tissue which can be particularly damaging for patients experiencing renal failure, as kidney inflammation is a serious, common side effect of their use …”

Section: Cie Coordinates Dominant Wavelength and Color Purity mentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic Emission Tuning of X‐ray Radioluminescent Crystalline Colloidal Arrays: Coupling the Optical Stop Band with Sequential Förster Resonance Energy Transfers

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et al. 2018

Advanced Optical Materials

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efficiency of 1 O 2 generation by organic photodynamic therapy (PDT) photosensitizers has been mitigated by coupling the photosensitizers with scintillating particles to stimulate the PDT photosensitizers. [9] The scintillation mechanism of inorganic systems are inherently tied to the electronic bandstructure of the crystal, while for organic scintillators, the molecular electronic structure dictates the radioluminescence properties. [10] This latter feature allows the organic systems to be used as scintillators in a solid, liquid, or gas phase.Though X-ray projection imaging and computed tomography (CT) [11] are established imaging techniques which detect X-ray attenuation in a sample, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) [12] is an alternative imaging approach which focuses on a positive contrast and can be coupled with CT in X-ray fluorescence computed tomography (XRCT) [13] to produce 3D elemental maps in a sample. Probes that exhibit X-ray radioluminescence are employed in X-ray excited optical luminescence (XEOL) and X-ray luminescence computed tomography (XLCT) with XLCT being proposed as a dual molecular/anatomical imaging modality that utilizes the selective excitation and optical detection of X-ray radioluminescent nanoparticles. [14,15] X-ray attenuation, X-ray fluorescence, and optical luminescence performance is enhanced with nanoparticle probes composed of materials with increasing atomic number. For example, successful nanoparticle X-ray imaging agents include gadolinium oxide, [16] gadolinium or lanthanum oxysulfides doped with europium or terbium, [17] sodium gadolinium tungstate, [18] and alkali metal gadolinium fluorides doped with europium [5] as well as alkali metal yttrium fluorides doped with ytterbium/ erbium [19] or gadolinium. [20] Color tuning of radioluminescent perovskite nanocrystals has also recently been reported where counter-ion type and concentration influenced the emission wavelength. [21] However, the majority of these inorganic nanoparticle systems may pose varying levels of toxicity when employed in vivo [22][23][24][25] and require chelating agents or a passivation overcoat, for example, biocompatible polymers, [26,27] to deter leaching into tissue [28] which can be particularly damaging for patients experiencing renal failure, [29] as kidney inflammation is a serious, common side effect of their use. [30] In order to mitigate the toxicity effects of current scintillating nanoparticles, we present a fully organic X-ray radioluminescent X-ray radiation exhibits diminished scattering and a greater penetration depth in tissue relative to the visible spectrum and has spawned new medical imaging techniques that exploit X-ray luminescence of nanoparticles. The majority of the nanoparticles finding applications in this field incorporate metals with high atomic numbers and pose potential toxicity effects. Here, a general strategy for the preparation of a fully organic X-ray radioluminescent colloidal platform that can be tailored to emit anywhere in the visible spectrum through a judicious cho...

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Section: Cie Coordinates Dominant Wavelength and Color Purity mentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic Emission Tuning of X‐ray Radioluminescent Crystalline Colloidal Arrays: Coupling the Optical Stop Band with Sequential Förster Resonance Energy Transfers

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et al. 2018

Advanced Optical Materials

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“…X-ray bioimaging frequently requires toxic, heavy metal contrast agents to produce an image; however, these heavy metals possess various toxicity concerns that limit their practical use. − Fully organic, radioluminescent nanoparticles utilizing organic scintillators offer a potential route to less toxic X-ray imaging probes . Colloidal nanoparticles are favorable for biological applications due to their high stability in aqueous solutions and ability for modification. , Pairing fully organic colloidal nanoparticles with organic scintillators may lead to less toxic X-ray imaging probes, as opposed to previously designed nanoparticle probes functionalized with toxic imaging agents. − …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radioluminescent Photonic Bandgap Hydrogels: Mechanochromic Tunable Emissions

et al. 2022

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Fully organic, radioluminescent crystalline colloidal arrays (CCAs) with covalently incorporated emitters were synthesized by using up to three organic fluorophores that were Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) pairs with each other. The emitters were covalently incorporated into monodisperse poly(styrene-co-propargyl acrylate) nanoparticles in various combinations, resulting in blue-, green-, and red-emitting CCAs when excited with an X-ray source. The negatively charged surfaces of the monodisperse nanoparticles caused self-assembly into a crystal-like structure, which resulted in a partial photonic bandgap (i.e., rejection wavelength) within the near-visible and visible light spectrum. When the rejection wavelength of the CCA overlapped its radioluminescence, the spontaneous emission was inhibited and the emission intensity decreased. A poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate-based hydrogel network was used to encapsulate the CCAs and stabilize their crystal-like structure. Within the hydrogel, coupling the photonic bandgap with the radioluminescence of the CCA films led to robust optical systems with tunable emissions. These fully organic, hydrogel-stabilized, radioluminescent CCAs possess mechanochromic tunable optical characteristics with future applications as potentially less toxic X-ray bioimaging materials.

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“…The resulting carbon-integrated metal oxide nanopowders are dispersed in a solvent and irradiated with pulsed laser light without focusing. Toxicity of Tb 3+ is considered to be relatively low considering that oral LD 50 (lethal dose 50) value of terbium chloride is higher than 5000 mg kg À1 in mice, 19 which is almost the same as that of sodium chloride. During the irradiation process, most of the carbon nanopowders are sublimated or degraded into very ne carbon quantum dots and are not incorporated within the nal spheres.…”

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“…We employed Tb 3+ as a functional lanthanide metal ion for incorporation with the intention of fabricating submicrometer hollow uorescent spheres of Tb 3+ -incorporated CaP. Toxicity of Tb 3+ is considered to be relatively low considering that oral LD 50 (lethal dose 50) value of terbium chloride is higher than 5000 mg kg À1 in mice, 19 which is almost the same as that of sodium chloride. Besides, it is reported that Tb 3+ -incorporated CaP nanoparticles show good cytocompatibility; 10 hence they are the strong candidates of biocompatible cell imaging agents.…”

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confidence: 99%

A physicochemical process for fabricating submicrometer hollow fluorescent spheres of Tb³⁺-incorporated calcium phosphate

et al. 2015

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We developed a laser fabrication process of submicrometer hollow fluorescent spheres of Tb 3+ -incorporated calcium phosphate. Pulsed laser irradiation was applied to a dispersion of carbon-integrated hydroxyapatite nanopowders in the presence of Tb 3+ . Thus, Tb 3+ incorporation during calcium phosphate sphere formation through laser processing was achieved. † Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Experimental details and gures of pore size distribution, XRD patterns, TEM and TED images, SEM images, TEM-EDX spectrum, SEM-EDX spectrum, and XPS spectra. See

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Pharmacology and toxicology of terbium, thulium, and ytterbium chlorides

Cited by 36 publications

References 8 publications

Dynamic Emission Tuning of X‐ray Radioluminescent Crystalline Colloidal Arrays: Coupling the Optical Stop Band with Sequential Förster Resonance Energy Transfers

Dynamic Emission Tuning of X‐ray Radioluminescent Crystalline Colloidal Arrays: Coupling the Optical Stop Band with Sequential Förster Resonance Energy Transfers

Radioluminescent Photonic Bandgap Hydrogels: Mechanochromic Tunable Emissions

A physicochemical process for fabricating submicrometer hollow fluorescent spheres of Tb³⁺-incorporated calcium phosphate

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Pharmacology and toxicology of terbium, thulium, and ytterbium chlorides

Cited by 36 publications

References 8 publications

Dynamic Emission Tuning of X‐ray Radioluminescent Crystalline Colloidal Arrays: Coupling the Optical Stop Band with Sequential Förster Resonance Energy Transfers

Dynamic Emission Tuning of X‐ray Radioluminescent Crystalline Colloidal Arrays: Coupling the Optical Stop Band with Sequential Förster Resonance Energy Transfers

Radioluminescent Photonic Bandgap Hydrogels: Mechanochromic Tunable Emissions

A physicochemical process for fabricating submicrometer hollow fluorescent spheres of Tb3+-incorporated calcium phosphate

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A physicochemical process for fabricating submicrometer hollow fluorescent spheres of Tb³⁺-incorporated calcium phosphate