Pharmacology of Injectable Anesthetics, Sedatives, and Tranquilizers

Meyer, Robert E.; Fish, Richard E.

doi:10.1016/b978-012373898-1.50006-1

Cited by 43 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 429 publications

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“…On the morning (10 a.m. to 12 p.m.) of tissue harvest, mice were weighed, anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of 80 mg/kg ketamine and 8 mg/kg xylazine, and blood collected via cardiac puncture followed by cervical dislocation. The rationale for using ketamine/xylazine anesthesia was to ensure accurate measurements of serum testosterone, as testosterone measurements in mice are significantly affected by stress and method of anesthesia in mice (ie, anesthesia with isoflurane or pentobarbitone significantly decreases serum testosterone levels (30,31) ). Body lengths …”

Section: Genotypingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Androgen Receptor Action in Osteoblasts in Male Mice Is Dependent on Their Stage of Maturation

Russell

Clarke

Cheong

et al. 2014

Journal of Bone and Mineral Research

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Androgen action via the androgen receptor (AR) is essential for normal skeletal growth and bone maintenance post-puberty in males; however, the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which androgens exert their actions in osteoblasts remains relatively unexplored in vivo. To identify autonomous AR actions in osteoblasts independent of AR signaling in other tissues, we compared the extent to which the bone phenotype of the Global-ARKO mouse was restored by replacing the AR in osteoblasts commencing at either the 1) proliferative or 2) mineralization stage of their maturation. In trabecular bone, androgens stimulated trabecular bone accrual during growth via the AR in proliferating osteoblasts and maintained trabecular bone post-puberty via the AR in mineralizing osteoblasts, with its predominant action being to inhibit bone resorption by decreasing the ratio of receptor activator of NF-kB ligand (RANKL) to osteoprotegerin (OPG) gene expression. During growth, replacement of the AR in proliferating but not mineralizing osteoblasts of Global-ARKOs was able to partially restore periosteal circumference, supporting the concept that androgen action in cortical bone to increase bone size during growth is mediated via the AR in proliferating osteoblasts. This study provides further significant insight into the mechanism of androgen action via the AR in osteoblasts, demonstrating that it is dependent on the stage of osteoblast maturation.

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Section: Genotypingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Androgen Receptor Action in Osteoblasts in Male Mice Is Dependent on Their Stage of Maturation

Russell

Clarke

Cheong

et al. 2014

Journal of Bone and Mineral Research

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“…There are several chemical anesthetics available for aquatic animals, such as tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222), benzocaine, quinaldine, 2-phenoxyethanol, and metomidate (6). These anesthetics involve the central nervous system by either enhancing inhibitory signal or blocking excitatory signals with different target binding (7). The choice of anesthetics depends on several factors such as safety, cost, and comfortable use (8).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anesthetic activity of plant essential oils on <i>Cyprinus carpio</i> (koi carp)

Khumpirapang

Pikulkaew

Anuchapreeda

et al. 2018

DD&T

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“…28,29 In the current study, blood biochemistry showed no significant effect on hepatic function with LPS even though minor histological lesions were present in all LPS groups, suggesting that sufficient normal hepatic tissue is still present to preserve liver function. Even without lesions, hypoalbuminemia and hypoproteinemia are frequently observed with isoflurane or ketamine-xylazine anesthesia, 10,30 suggesting an effect on hepatic metabolism. Ketamine is N-demethylated by cytochrome P450 into norketamine.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…13 Both are metabolized by the liver and excreted mainly by the kidney. 10 However, little is known about the effects of endotoxins on the metabolism and excretion of these drugs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of endotoxemia on the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of ketamine and xylazine anesthesia in Sprague–Dawley rats

Veilleux-Lemieux¹,

Beaudry²,

Hélie³

et al. 2012

VMRR

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Purpose:To evaluate the effects of endotoxemia on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ketamine and xylazine anesthesia in Sprague-Dawley rats. Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats received ketamine (80 mg/kg) and xylazine (5 mg/kg) intramuscularly following the intraperitoneal administration of different lipopolysaccharide concentrations (1, 10, and 100 µg/kg) to simulate different levels of endotoxemia. Results were compared to control animals receiving saline intraperitoneally. During anesthesia, a toe pinch was performed to evaluate anesthesia duration, and selected physiological parameters (heart and respiratory rates, oxygen saturation, and rectal temperature) were taken. Blood samples were also taken during anesthesia at selected time points for the analysis of plasmatic ketamine and xylazine concentrations by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Blood samples were taken 1 week prior to and 24 hours following anesthesia for blood biochemistry. Results: Anesthesia duration significantly increased for moderate (10 µg/kg) and high (100 µg/kg) lipopolysaccharide groups. Liver histopathology showed minor to moderate necrosis in all lipopolysaccharide groups in some animals. The most important physiological change that occurred was a decrease in oxygen saturation, and for blood biochemistry a decrease in serum albumin. Ketamine pharmacokinetics were not affected except for the moderate (10 µg/kg) lipopolysaccharide group where a decrease in the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to the last measurable concentration, a decrease in half-life, and an increase in the clearance were observed. For xylazine, the area under the plasma concentration-time curve increased and the clearance decreased in the moderate (10 µg/kg) and high (100 µg/kg) lipopolysaccharide groups. Conclusion: During ketamine-xylazine anesthesia, endotoxemia may alter xylazine pharmacokinetics and selected biochemical and physiological parameters, suggesting that anesthetic drug dosages could be modified for a more rapid recovery.

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Pharmacology of Injectable Anesthetics, Sedatives, and Tranquilizers

Cited by 43 publications

References 429 publications

Androgen Receptor Action in Osteoblasts in Male Mice Is Dependent on Their Stage of Maturation

Androgen Receptor Action in Osteoblasts in Male Mice Is Dependent on Their Stage of Maturation

Anesthetic activity of plant essential oils on <i>Cyprinus carpio</i> (koi carp)

Effects of endotoxemia on the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of ketamine and xylazine anesthesia in Sprague–Dawley rats

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Pharmacology of Injectable Anesthetics, Sedatives, and Tranquilizers

Cited by 43 publications

References 429 publications

Androgen Receptor Action in Osteoblasts in Male Mice Is Dependent on Their Stage of Maturation

Androgen Receptor Action in Osteoblasts in Male Mice Is Dependent on Their Stage of Maturation

Anesthetic activity of plant essential oils on <i>Cyprinus carpio</i> (koi carp)

Effects of endotoxemia on the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of ketamine and xylazine anesthesia in Sprague&ndash;Dawley rats

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Product

Resources

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Effects of endotoxemia on the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of ketamine and xylazine anesthesia in Sprague–Dawley rats