Pharmacology Progresses and Applications of Chloroquine in Cancer Therapy

Liu, Yanqing; Meng, Yuqing; Zhang, Junzhe; Gu, Liwei; Shen, Shengnan; Zhu, Yongping; Wang, Jigang

doi:10.2147/ijn.s458910

IJN

2024

DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s458910

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Pharmacology Progresses and Applications of Chloroquine in Cancer Therapy

Yanqing Liu,

Yuqing Meng,

Junzhe Zhang

et al.

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2024

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Cited by 2 publications

References 184 publications

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Treatment of Melanoma Cells with Chloroquine and Everolimus Activates the Apoptosis Process and Alters Lipid Redistribution

Ciołczyk-Wierzbicka,

Zarzycka,

Placha

et al. 2024

IJMS

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The balance between apoptosis and autophagy plays a key role in cancer biology and treatment strategies. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of the mTOR kinase inhibitor everolimus and chloroquine on the regulation of proliferation, caspase-3 activation, and apoptosis in melanoma cells. We studied the activity of caspase-3 and the levels of caspase-3 and -9 using the Western blot technique. Cellular apoptosis was examined using a DNA fragmentation assay, and changes in the cell nucleus and cytoskeleton were examined using fluorescence microscopy DAPI, OA/IP. We also studied the rearrangement of lipid structures using fluorescent dyes: Nile Red and Nile Blue. A low nanomolar concentration of the mTOR kinase inhibitor everolimus in combination with chloroquine activated the apoptosis process and decreased cell proliferation. These changes were accompanied by an obvious change in cell morphology and rearrangement of lipid structures. Alterations in lipid redistribution accompanying the process of apoptosis and autophagy are among the first to occur in the cell and can be easily monitored in in vitro studies. The combination of mTOR inhibitors and chloroquine represents a promising area of research in cancer therapy. It has the potential to enhance treatment efficacy through complementary mechanisms.

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Treatment of Melanoma Cells with Chloroquine and Everolimus Activates the Apoptosis Process and Alters Lipid Redistribution

Ciołczyk-Wierzbicka,

Zarzycka,

Placha

et al. 2024

IJMS

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Drug Repurposing for Cancer Treatment: A Comprehensive Review

Al Khzem,

Gomaa,

Alturki

et al. 2024

IJMS

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Cancer ranks among the primary contributors to global mortality. In 2022, the global incidence of new cancer cases reached about 20 million, while the number of cancer-related fatalities reached 9.7 million. In Saudi Arabia, there were 13,399 deaths caused by cancer and 28,113 newly diagnosed cases of cancer. Drug repurposing is a drug discovery strategy that has gained special attention and implementation to enhance the process of drug development due to its time- and money-saving effect. It involves repositioning existing medications to new clinical applications. Cancer treatment is a therapeutic area where drug repurposing has shown the most prominent impact. This review presents a compilation of medications that have been repurposed for the treatment of various types of cancers. It describes the initial therapeutic and pharmacological classes of the repurposed drugs and their new applications and mechanisms of action in cancer treatment. The review reports on drugs from various pharmacological classes that have been successfully repurposed for cancer treatment, including approved ones and those in clinical trials and preclinical development. It stratifies drugs based on their anticancer repurpose as multi-type, type-specific, and mechanism-directed, and according to their pharmacological classes. The review also reflects on the future potential that drug repurposing has in the clinical development of novel anticancer therapies.

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Pharmacology Progresses and Applications of Chloroquine in Cancer Therapy

Cited by 2 publications

References 184 publications

Treatment of Melanoma Cells with Chloroquine and Everolimus Activates the Apoptosis Process and Alters Lipid Redistribution

Treatment of Melanoma Cells with Chloroquine and Everolimus Activates the Apoptosis Process and Alters Lipid Redistribution

Drug Repurposing for Cancer Treatment: A Comprehensive Review

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