Pharmacotherapeutic aspects of medication of birds

Dorrestein, Gerry M.; Miert, A. S. J. P. A. M. van

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2885.1988.tb00118.x

Cited by 40 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…The ceftiofur half‐lives and clearances of the chicks and turkey poults were very similar to the Amazon parrots despite differences in dosage, route of drug administration, age and body size. Therefore, these data support the concept that antibiotic pharmacokinetics in avian species differ (Dorrestein & Van Miert, 1988), and dosages for exotic avian species cannot be directly extrapolated from those of domestics.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 63%

Pharmacokinetics of ceftiofur sodium in exotic and domestic avian species

Tell¹,

Harrenstien²,

Wetzlich

et al. 1998

Vet Pharm & Therapeutics

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The pharmacokinetics of ceftiofur sodium were determined in domestic chicks, turkey poults, adult cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus), and adult orange-winged Amazon parrots (Amazona amazonica) after subcutaneous (chicks and turkey poults and intramuscular (i.m.) dosing (cockatiels and Amazon parrots). Turkey poult data were best fit to a single exponential model with disappearance half-lives (t1/2) of 8.6, 7.4 and 5.6 h after doses of 0.12, 0.24 and 0.48 mg ceftiofur free acid equivalents (CFAE)/poult, respectively. Data from chicks were best fit to a biexponential model with primary and secondary half-lives of 2.2 and 7.5, 3.7 and 6.8, and 3.8 and 5.3 h after doses of 0.04, 0.08 and 0.16 mg CFAE/chick, respectively. Cockatiel and Amazon parrot data were best fit to a biexponential model with primary and secondary half-lives of 0.28 and 2.5, and 0.93 and 7.9 h, respectively, after doses of 10 mg CFAE/kg body weight. The maximum concentration (Cmax) and area under the concentration time curve (AUC) in chicks and poults were dose-proportional. The Cmax for cockatiels was 5.2 micrograms/mL and for Amazon parrots was 11 micrograms/mL. Clearance in cockatiels and Amazon parrots were 11.3 and 3.8 mL/min/kg, respectively, and reflected the much greater AUC seen in Amazon parrots. Clearance values of ceftiofur were similar in chicks and Amazon parrots, slightly greater in turkey poults and greatest in cockatiels. These results indicate that pharmacokinetic differences must be considered when establishing dosage regimens for different avian species.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 63%

Pharmacokinetics of ceftiofur sodium in exotic and domestic avian species

Tell¹,

Harrenstien²,

Wetzlich

et al. 1998

Vet Pharm & Therapeutics

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“…The rapid attainment of peak concentrations in houbara bustards may be related to anatomical differences in the gastro‐intestinal tract. The emptying of the crop is known to delay the discharge of drugs to the stomach, while it is known that drugs will pass through a highly differentiated stomach more rapidly than a poorly differentiated one (Dorrestein & Van Miert, 1988; Dorrestein, 1991). Houbara bustards do not have a crop, but they do possess a well‐differentiated ventriculus (Bailey et al ., 1997a), which means that drugs given orally should pass rapidly through the oesophagus and stomach, being available for absorption from the small intestine.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin after intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration in houbara bustard (Chlamydotis undulata macqueenii)

Bailey¹,

Sheen²,

Silvanose³

et al. 1998

Vet Pharm & Therapeutics

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The in-vitro activity of enrofloxacin against 117 strains of bacteria isolated from bustards was determined. Minimum inhibitory concentrations for 72% of the Proteus spp., E. coli, Salmonella spp. and Klebsiella spp. (n = 61) and for 48% of the Streptococci spp. and Staphylococci spp. (n = 31) were < or = 0.5 microg/mL. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 76% of Pseudomonas spp. (n = 25) was < or = 2 microg/mL. Fourteen strains were resistant to concentrations > or = 128 microg/mL. The elimination half-lives (t1/2 elim beta) (mean +/- SEM) of 10 mg/kg enrofloxacin in eight houbara bustards (Chlamydotis undulata) were 6.80 +/- 0.79, 6.39 +/- 1.49 and 5.63 +/- 0.54 h after oral (p.o.), intramuscular (i.m.) and intravenous (i.v.) administration, respectively. Enrofloxacin was rapidly absorbed from the bustard gastro-intestinal tract and maximum plasma concentrations of 1.84 +/- 0.16 microg/mL were achieved after 0.66 +/- 0.05 h. Maximum plasma concentration after i.m. administration of 10 mg/kg was 2.75 +/- 0.11 microg/mL at 1.72 +/- 0.19 h. Maximum plasma concentration after i.m. administration of 15 mg/kg in two birds was 4.86 microg/mL. Bioavailability was 97.3 +/- 13.7% and 62.7 +/- 11.1% after i.m. and oral administration, respectively. Plasma concentrations of enrofloxacin > or = 0.5 microg/mL were maintained for at least 12 h for all routes at 10 mg/kg and for 24 h after i.m. administration at 15 mg/kg. Plasma enrofloxacin concentrations were monitored during the first 3 days of treatment in five houbara bustards and kori bustards (Ardeotis kori) with bacterial infections receiving a single daily i.m. injection of 10 mg/kg for 3 days. The mean plasma enrofloxacin concentrations in the clinical cases at 27 and 51 h (3.69 and 3.86 microg/mL) and at 48 h (0.70 microg/mL) were significantly higher compared with the 3 h and 24 h time intervals from clinically normal birds. The maximum plasma concentration (Cmax)/MIC ratio was ranked i.v. (10/mg/kg) > i.m. (15 mg/kg) > i.m. (10 mg/kg) > oral (10 mg/kg), but it was only higher than 8:1 for i.v. and i.m. administrations of enrofloxacin at 10 mg/kg and 15 mg/kg, respectively, against a low MIC (0.5 microg/mL). A dosage regimen of 10 mg/kg repeated every 12 h, or 15 mg/kg repeated every 24 h, would be expected to give blood concentrations above 0. 5 microg/mL and hence provide therapeutic response in the bustard against a wide range of bacterial infections.

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“…, 1984; Dorrestein, 1992). Depending on the consistency of the feed, the emptying of the crop can be complete in 3–20 h (Dorrestein & van Miert, 1988). A second, and more plausible, hypothesis is related to the presence of Lactobacillus flora in the crop.…”

Section: Mean (±Sd) Pharmacokinetic Parameters Of Tylvalosin After Omentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of the type of catheter on the absorption of tylvalosin (acetylvaleryltylosin) administered orally to broiler chickens

Cerdá¹,

Petruccelli²,

Piscopo³

et al. 2010

Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics

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Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data are useful to interpret the efficacy and safety of a product. However, information on avian pharmacotherapy is scarce. Most of the pharmacokinetic studies on antimicrobials in chickens are based on drugs applied orally using Ôoral gavageÕ. However, it is very difficult to find a clear description of the type of catheter used for the administration of the antimicrobials. Aivlosin Ò (ECO Animal Health, London, UK), a water-soluble powder for the treatment of mycoplasmosis and other diseases in poultry and swine production, contains the macrolide tylvalosin (acetylisovaleryltylosin) (Cerdá et al., 2002(Cerdá et al., , 2006a. During pilot studies on the pharmacokinetics of tylvalosin in chickens, we found a high variation in the absorption profile not only between individuals but also within individuals when used on separate occasions. To investigate the cause of this variation, a study was designed with the objective of analysing the impact of the quality of the catheter used on the plasma kinetics of tylvalosin.A total of 12, 2-week-old chickens were used. Group A (six chickens) received tylvalosin orally, through a flexible 25-cmlength catheter (polyvinyl chloride), at a dosage of 20 mg ⁄ kg bodyweight (b.w.); group B (six chickens) received tylvalosin orally, through a rigid 25-cm-length catheter (stainless steel cannula), at a dosage of 20 mg ⁄ kg b.w. Blood samples (0.5 ml) were collected from the wing vein in heparinized tubes at the following times: 0, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 24 h postadministration.Plasma was separated and frozen at )20°C until analysis. All samples were assayed on the week following collection. Tylvalosin plasma concentration was determined using a microbiological assay (Bennet et al., 1966) with Micrococcus luteus ATCC 9314 as test micro-organism (Cerdá et al., 2006b,c). The limit of quantification of the method was 0.05 lg ⁄ ml. The method was linear between 0.025 and 10 lg ⁄ ml (r = 0.9974). Inter-and intra-assay coefficients of variation were <10%.Individual birdÕs tylvalosin concentration vs. time curves were analysed by nonlinear least square regression analysis using PCNONLIN (SCI Sofware, Lexington, KY, USA), applying a onecompartment open model with first order absorption and elimination. Initial estimates were determined using the residual method (Gibaldi & Perrier, 1982) and refitted by nonlinear regression. Most pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using classic equations associated with compartmental analysis (Gibaldi & Perrier, 1982). Area under the plasma concentrationtime curve [AUC (0-¥) ] and mean residence time (MRT) were calculated by the trapezoidal rule (linear for the ascending and log-linear for the descending part of the curve).Pharmacokinetic parameters are expressed as mean ± standard deviation, except for half-lives which are reported as harmonic mean ± pseudo-standard deviation. Main parameters for each animal were statistically compared for the two administration methods by applying Wilcox...

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Pharmacotherapeutic aspects of medication of birds

Cited by 40 publications

References 21 publications

Pharmacokinetics of ceftiofur sodium in exotic and domestic avian species

Pharmacokinetics of ceftiofur sodium in exotic and domestic avian species

Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin after intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration in houbara bustard (Chlamydotis undulata macqueenii)

Impact of the type of catheter on the absorption of tylvalosin (acetylvaleryltylosin) administered orally to broiler chickens

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