Pharmacotherapeutic pain management in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A review

Abstract

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is widely performed because it results in a relatively easier pain management and shorter hospital stay. Although postoperative pain following laparoscopic cholecystectomy tends to be less intense compared to that following open cholecystectomy, early discomfort from operation after laparoscopy can be similar or even more intense than after open surgery. Consequently, it remains a source of apparent pain and surgical stress. Thus, proactive pain control is a priority for both patients and doctors. A considerable amount of new research about pain and pain management has been documented in the literature over the last 2 decades. In addition, novel medications and technologies for acute pain control after laparoscopic cholecystectomy have been investigated for patient care. Nevertheless, a significant proportion of patients still have excessively high pain levels after laparoscopic surgery. Acute pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy is complicated in nature and has multiple causes; therefore, a single treatment modality is rarely sufficient. A combined approach to pain management is often the best option. In this review, the wide range of pharmacotherapeutic agents that have been used to control pain after laparoscopic surgery are critically assessed. The article also focuses on new techniques and medications that have been investigated in recent years to manage pain after laparoscopic surgery as quickly and safely as possible.

Are There Any Advantages of the Low Opioid Anaesthesia and Non-Opioid Postoperative Analgesia Protocol: A Clinical Observational Study

“…The advantages of LOA also meet the expectations of increased perioperative safety and reduction in postoperative symptoms-pain, nausea and vomiting. [31][32][33][34] In our study, we chose elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy, because this type of surgery, despite the minimally invasive surgical technique, presents very intense pain stimulation due to anatomical reasons, peritoneal innervation and pneumoperitoneum formation. Additionally, laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the dominant part of the surgery methods for chronic gallbladder stones and it consists 90% of surgical procedures.…”

“…Additionally, laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the dominant part of the surgery methods for chronic gallbladder stones and it consists 90% of surgical procedures. 31,35,36 The aim of study was to describe the role of the unique protocol of LOA in the main aspects of postoperative symptoms-nausea, vomiting, and pain control during general anaesthesia for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The scheme of LOA was based on ketamine, lidocaine, magnesium sulfate, paracetamol, and metamizole.…”

Analgesic Efficacy of Foot and Hand Massage for Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: A Meta-Analysis

“…Pharmacological and nonpharmacological supplementary methods are developed to alleviate pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy [14,15]. Pharmacological methods commonly lead to negative impact on vital functions like respiratory, nervous, urinary, and gastrointestinal systems [14,[16][17][18][19][20].…”

“…Pharmacological and nonpharmacological supplementary methods are developed to alleviate pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy [14,15]. Pharmacological methods commonly lead to negative impact on vital functions like respiratory, nervous, urinary, and gastrointestinal systems [14,[16][17][18][19][20]. The massage application is one preferred application among nonpharmacological supplementary methods because it is a low-cost, less time consuming, easy-to-apply, and effective method for pain control [21].…”

The Efficacy of Foot Massage for Pain Relief of Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: A Meta-analysis Study

“…Currently, pharmacological methods are used to alleviate postoperative pain in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy, but they may cause respiratory depression, itching, nausea, vomiting, and decreased gastrointestinal motility 9–13. Complementary and alternative therapies have important potential in pain relief 14.…”