Pharmacovigilance amongst Patent Medicine Vendors (PMVs) in Ekiti state, Nigeria

Awodele, Olufunsho; Adeniran, Adeyinka; Awodele, Deborah F.

doi:10.3233/jrs-2012-0562

Cited by 5 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…The majority of studies relied on cross-sectional surveys (n = 38, Table 1 ). Only six studies evaluated the impact of interventions, five of which used a pre-post design [ 34 , 42 – 45 ] and one of which used post-intervention cross-sectional data [ 40 ]. Other methods employed included qualitative interviews (n = 7), observations of PPMV-client interactions (n = 2) or PPMV stocking practices (n = 4), mystery clients (n = 2), client exit interviews (n = 2), and laboratory analysis (n = 2).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The percentage of PPMVs with tertiary education ranged from 14% in Anambra state [ 46 ] to 57% in Jigawa [ 47 ]. The majority of studies found that between 7% and 20% of PPMVs had only primary education [ 42 , 43 , 47 – 56 ], though rural PPMVs were less educated than their urban counterparts [ 44 , 50 ]. It is worth noting that many PPMVs have apprentices or other employees who staff the shop when the owner is away [ 21 ]; no studies compared the educational levels of these staff with the owner.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, apprenticeships with another PPMV remains the primary source of training for the majority of PPMVs [ 35 , 41 , 61 , 62 ]. PPMVs’ were found to have an average of between 5.4 and 15.5 years of experience [ 41 , 42 , 46 , 55 , 59 , 61 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Systematic Review of the Role of Proprietary and Patent Medicine Vendors in Healthcare Provision in Nigeria

2015

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BackgroundInterventions to reduce the burden of disease and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa increasingly recognize the important role that drug retailers play in delivering basic healthcare services. In Nigeria, owner-operated drug retail outlets, known as patent and proprietary medicine vendors (PPMVs), are a main source of medicines for acute conditions, but their practices are not well understood. Greater understanding of the role of PPMVs and the quality of care they provide is needed in order to inform ongoing national health initiatives that aim to incorporate PPMVs as a delivery mechanism.Objective and MethodsThis paper reviews and synthesizes the existing published and grey literature on the characteristics, knowledge and practices of PPMVs in Nigeria. We searched published and grey literature using a number of electronic databases, supplemented with website searches of relevant international agencies. We included all studies providing outcome data on PPMVs in Nigeria, including non-experimental studies, and assessed the rigor of each study using the WHO-Johns Hopkins Rigor scale. We used narrative synthesis to evaluate the findings.ResultsWe identified 50 articles for inclusion. These studies provided data on a wide range of PPMV outcomes: training; health knowledge; health practices, including drug stocking and dispensing, client interaction, and referral; compliance with regulatory guidelines; and the effects of interventions targeting PPMVs. In general, PPMVs have low health knowledge and poor health treatment practices. However, the literature focuses largely on services for adult malaria, and little is known about other health areas or services for children.ConclusionsThis review highlights several concerns with the quality of the private drug retail sector in Nigeria, as well as gaps in the existing evidence base. Future research should adopt a more holistic view of the services provided by PPMV shops, and evaluate intervention strategies that may improve the services provided in this sector.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Systematic Review of the Role of Proprietary and Patent Medicine Vendors in Healthcare Provision in Nigeria

2015

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“…It is also surprising that only about a third of the respondents in this study knew the correct definition of an adverse drug reaction (35.7%), and that the yellow form is used in reporting adverse drug reactions (36.1%). However, the main cause for concern is the generally poor knowledge of pharmacovigilance and adverse drug reactions reporting in studies conducted among community pharmacists and patent medicine vendors in Nigeria 14,15,20 and other developing countries including South Africa, 9 Jordan, 6 Yemen, 21 India, 4 and Saudi Arabia, 22 as they imply poor sensitization of healthcare providers on PV as a result of the weak PV systems in these countries.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, whereas 40% of respondents had obtained reports of ADRs from their clients at least once a month, only 20% of these had reported to relevant authorities, and only 3% actually reported to the National Pharmacovigilance Centre. A study among patent medicine vendors (PMVs) in Ekiti State, Nigeria, 15 reported very low ADRs reporting (3.8%) and this was majorly attributed to lack of training on ADRs reporting (92.5%) and fear of indictment (61.3%). While these findings elucidate the importance of assessment of knowledge and practice of PV among healthcare providers by identifying the factors responsible for the weak PV system in the country, it emphasizes the need to conduct such studies in other parts of the country where such studies have not been carried out to know the local pattern and peculiarities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Pharmacovigilance Among Operators of Pharmacies and Patent Medicine Stores in Sokoto Metropolis, Nigeria

Awosan

Yunusa

Yakubu

et al. 2018

J. Drug Delivery Ther.

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Background: The weak pharmacovigilance (PV) systems in many developing countries of the world have undoubtedly hampered the global quest for safe drug use. Operators of pharmacies and patent medicine stores have important roles to play in developing the PV systems in these countries being the main source of medicines for acute conditions. This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of pharmacovigilance among operators of pharmacies and patent medicine stores in Sokoto metropolis, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 249 operators of pharmacies and patent medicine stores selected by multistage sampling technique. Data were collected with a set of pretested self- administered, semi-structured questionnaire. Results: Although, the majority, 173 (69.5%) of the 249 respondents were aware of PV, less than a fifth (17.3%) had good knowledge of it. Despite positive attitude towards PV, only about half, 56 (52.3%) of the 107 respondents that had observed adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in clients reported; and of these, only about a tenth (12.8%) formally reported to the organization in charge of PV. The most commonly cited reasons for non-reporting were that they didn’t know where and how to report (51.0%), and unavailability of reporting forms (23.5%). Conclusion: This study showed poor knowledge of PV and sub-optimal ADRs reporting despite positive attitude towards it by operators of pharmacies and patent medicine stores in Sokoto metropolis, Nigeria. Sensitization of the populace and training of healthcare providers on PV and ADRs reporting are necessary for revitalizing the PV system in Sokoto State, Nigeria. Keywords: Pharmacovigilance, knowledge, attitude, practice

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Healthcare Education and Training of Health Personnel

Shankar

2022

Encyclopedia of Evidence in Pharmaceutical Public Health and Health Services Research in Pharmacy

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Pharmacovigilance amongst Patent Medicine Vendors (PMVs) in Ekiti state, Nigeria

Cited by 5 publications

References 4 publications

A Systematic Review of the Role of Proprietary and Patent Medicine Vendors in Healthcare Provision in Nigeria

A Systematic Review of the Role of Proprietary and Patent Medicine Vendors in Healthcare Provision in Nigeria

Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Pharmacovigilance Among Operators of Pharmacies and Patent Medicine Stores in Sokoto Metropolis, Nigeria

Healthcare Education and Training of Health Personnel

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