Pharmacy diabetes care program: Analysis of two screening methods for undiagnosed type 2 diabetes in Australian community pharmacy

Krass, Ines; Mitchell, Bernadette; Clarke, Philip; Brillant, Martha; Dienaar, R; Hughes, Jim R.; Lau, Phyllis; Peterson, Gregory M.; Stewart, Kay; Taylor, Simone E; Wilkinson, Jenny M.; Armour, Carol

doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2006.06.022

Cited by 54 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Around one-third of participants had a rCBG level that required further investigation, similar to other studies using similar methods in different locations, 15,26 although this figure is lower than that found in a UKbased pharmacy. 13 This may be due to the higher number of South Asian participants in the pharmacy study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

“…Other healthcare professionals do have the ability to carry out screening tests and may be able to see individuals who would not present to their GP. Both pharmacists and chiropodists have evaluated the feasibility of screening within their normal practice settings in the UK, 13,14 Australia, 15 and Switzerland. 16 In the UK, pharmacists have been involved in providing screening services and have developed a protocol with Diabetes UK and the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Screening and identifying diabetes in optometric practice: a prospective study

2011

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BackgroundUnconventional settings, outside general medical practice, are an underutilised resource in the attempt to identify the large numbers of people with undiagnosed diabetes worldwide. AimThe study investigated the feasibility of using optometry practices (opticians) as a setting for a diabetes screening service. Design and settingAdults attending high street optometry practices in northern England who selfreported at least one risk factor for diabetes were offered a random capillary blood glucose (rCBG) test. Those with raised rCBG levels were asked to visit their GP for further investigations. ResultsOf 1909 adults attending practices for sight tests, 1303 (68.2%) reported risk factors for diabetes, of whom 1002 (76.9%) had rCBG measurements taken. Of these, 318 (31.7%) were found to have a rCBG level of ≥6.1 mmol/l, a level where further investigations are recommended by Diabetes UK; 1.6% of previously undiagnosed individuals were diagnosed with diabetes or pre-diabetes as a result of the service. Refining the number of risk factors for inclusion would have reduced those requiring screening by half and still have identified nearly 70% of the new cases of diabetes and pre-diabetes. ConclusionScreening in optometric practices provides an efficient opportunity to screen at-risk individuals who do not present to conventional medical services, and is acceptable and appropriate. Optometrists represent a skilled worldwide resource that could provide a screening service. This service could be transferable to other settings. Keywordsdiabetes mellitus, type 2; optometry; prediabetes; primary care; screening.e436 British Journal of General Practice, July 2011Screening and identifying diabetes in optometric practice: a prospective study Britain (RPSGB). 17 In the US, it has been determined that 60% of adults visit dentists at least once a year for routine care, and so this may be a suitable location to screen for diabetes. 18Likewise, optometrists (opticians) are providers of routine, non-emergency care and may be accessed by those who are not receiving medical care. The age of onset of presbyopia and the subsequent deterioration in near vision coincides with the age that screening for diabetes is recommended by both Diabetes UK and the American Diabetes Association (ADA). This again may provide opportunities for optometrists to provide tests to those who may not access other healthcare services, particularly if they have no other medical problems.Optometrists provide eye health care worldwide and have the potential to provide services in both developed and developing countries. In the UK, 17 million sight tests are performed yearly, over one-third on people aged 60 years or over. 19 Optometrists are in a position to ask patients about diabetes risk factors during the course of a sight test. In Australia, it has been shown that around 80% of optometrists always or often ask patients aged over 40 years about diabetes. 20 Optometrists may be in a good position to reach a section of the population that may no...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Screening and identifying diabetes in optometric practice: a prospective study

2011

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“…Screening in optometry practices has similar cost implications to screening in pharmacies [18] and has the potential to provide services to people who do not utilise services elsewhere. It can provide an effective method for identifying those who would benefit from further investigations, who may not present elsewhere.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Screening for diabetes in unconventional locations: Resource implications and economics of screening in optometry practices

2011

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. (2011) 'Screening for diabetes in unconventional locations :resource implications and economics of screening in optometry practices.', Health policy., 102 (2-3). pp. 193-199. Further information on publisher's website:http://dx.doi.org/10. 1016/j.healthpol.2011.07.005 Publisher's copyright statement: NOTICE: this is the author's version of a work that was accepted for publication in Health policy. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A denitive version was subsequently published in Health policy, 102 (2-3), 2011, 10.1016/j.healthpol.2011.07.005 Additional information: Use policyThe full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that:• a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders.Please consult the full DRO policy for further details.

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“…Involvement of pharmacists in screening for type 2 diabetes can increase the early detection of the at risk population and has the potential to slow progression to micro vascular and macro vascular complications. 29 Several studies from one Australian scientific group have addressed the issue of patients' satisfaction with pharmacists' service in diabetes disease management, satisfaction with self-management, and satisfaction with knowledge 14,30 have shown the effectiveness of a community pharmacy delivered diabetes care service, using a step screening model. In our study we recognized and used a model of complex intervention (screening and counseling).…”

Section: -28mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite the increasing number of studies showing that pharmacist intervention programs provide a clinical benefit and sensitivity in terms of patients outcomes, there are few studies that have examined the concept of multidisciplinary health care and collaborative practice in the context of community care settings and with pharmacist intervention. [10][11][12] Diabetes management programs have been implemented in pharmacy practice using a range of different intervention such as educational interventions, counseling, 13 risk screening, 14,15 medication reviews, 16 and usually accredited by national professional institutions. The American Association of Diabetes Educators (AADE) published the scope and standards for professional performance for diabetes educators specifically to address the provision of this care by pharmacists in their practices.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of Risk Factors for Diabetes Type 2 and Components of Pharmacists’ Interventions in Community Pharmacy Setting: A Serbian Pilot Study.

Tasić¹,

Pešić²

2016

IJPER

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Prevention of Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is clinical service useful to implement on community pharmacy settings (CP). The objectives of study were: to determine the risk factors for T2D in adults visiting a community pharmacy; to determine and describe component of pharmacists' interventions (PI) focusing on feasibility of complex intervention (CI). A cross-sectional study design and conducted (January 2010 to June 2011) on 20 CP in Serbia. Adult population was enrolled (304 patients).The pharmacist trained for implementation of complex PI (screening and counseling session). The national Questionnaire for T2D risk estimation was used for screening and Intervention check list was design and used for process of counseling. The DEPICT (Descriptive Elements of Pharmacist Intervention Characterization Tool) was used to describe the component of CI. High and very high risk score was estimated in age group 45-54 (10.80%) forward in age group 55-64 (9.60%); into the cohort below 45 year the 59 adults has low T2D risk score. The average value of PI/per patients was 4.02. From the eight domain/component (operational descriptor in DEPICT) the main component are 'education and counseling' with four type (items) of intervention performed in counseling session. As a conclusion, the pharmacists in CP detected and scoring risk of T2D in Serbian adults' population. The number and type of PI in counseling session adequate to participants clinical profile. Feasibility of the CI within the CP in Serbia was proved. For the outcomes measurements and impact of PI, a proper endpoint and follow-up study design should be conduct.

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Pharmacy diabetes care program: Analysis of two screening methods for undiagnosed type 2 diabetes in Australian community pharmacy

Cited by 54 publications

References 13 publications

Screening and identifying diabetes in optometric practice: a prospective study

Screening and identifying diabetes in optometric practice: a prospective study

Screening for diabetes in unconventional locations: Resource implications and economics of screening in optometry practices

Identification of Risk Factors for Diabetes Type 2 and Components of Pharmacists’ Interventions in Community Pharmacy Setting: A Serbian Pilot Study.

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