Pharmacy dispensing practices for Sudanese children with diarrhoea

Berih, Abdullahi A.; McIntyre, Lynn; Lynk, Andrew

doi:10.1016/s0033-3506(89)80056-3

Cited by 15 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 3 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Although the post-intervention results of this study related to this aspect of pharmacy practice were far below our expectations, we still find them encouraging in comparison to findings of other studies using the SC method in developing countries. In a study in Sudan, 63.5% of the time staff asked no history questions [23]; in Vietnam (in 1997) only 3.4% asked about hydration status [24]; and in Pakistan, only 1.1% asked about weight of the child [25]. These results were much lower than those demonstrated in our study.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 85%

“…A study of 63 pharmacies in Sudan (in 1988) reported that ORS was recommended in only 11% of cases, while only antibiotics were dispensed in 61.9% cases of simulated clients voicing concern over her 12-month-old child's acute diarrhea [23]. In 1996, a study of 100 pharmacies in Nepal reported that 97% of retailers dispensed antimicrobials for cases of acute watery diarrhea in a child, and only 44% advised ORS therapy [26].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Improving Pharmacy Staff Knowledge and Practice on Childhood Diarrhea Management in Vietnam: Are Educational Interventions Effective?

Pham

Byrkit²,

Pham³

et al. 2013

PLoS ONE

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

BackgroundIn many developing countries, private pharmacies play an important role in providing health information and services to local communities for common health issues. The aim of this study was to ascertain medium-term impact of educational interventions on knowledge and practice of pharmacy staff regarding management of childhood diarrhea in Vietnam.MethodsThis was a pre- and post-intervention study with 32 and 44 months difference from the time of the baseline survey to the conclusion of trainings and the time of the end-line survey, respectively. Interventions included in-class training for pharmacy staff, printed materials at the pharmacy, and supportive supervision. Knowledge/reported practice and actual practice of pharmacy staff were measured before and after interventions.ResultsAfter interventions, significant improvements (p<0.01) were observed for all indexes related to pharmacy staff's knowledge about childhood diarrhea; for instance, 31% and 60% of surveyed staff asked about weight of the child and accompanying symptoms of childhood diarrhea, respectively, an increase from 11% and 45% at the baseline. Oral rehydration solution (ORS) was the most frequently reported product recommended (97% to 99%), but probiotics and antidiarrheals were the products most frequently prescribed at pharmacies. Public health facilities remained the preferred choice for referrals from pharmacies, but the use of private clinics was increasing. Consultations and advice provided to caregivers also improved, but considerable gaps between knowledge and actual practice of staff in real pharmacy settings remained.ConclusionsEducational interventions were effective in improving pharmacy staff knowledge and practice regarding management of childhood diarrhea. Knowledge and actual practice of staff in real pharmacy settings did not always correlate; there is need for a stronger regulatory and law enforcement system. Interventions to improve pharmacy practice in developing countries should be focused, comprehensive, and evidence-based.

show abstract

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 85%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving Pharmacy Staff Knowledge and Practice on Childhood Diarrhea Management in Vietnam: Are Educational Interventions Effective?

Pham

Byrkit²,

Pham³

et al. 2013

PLoS ONE

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Adherence to national guidelines when managing STI clients was low in Kenya (27% adherence) [55], Ghana (20-23%) [56,57], and Uganda (8-14%) [16,25]. Inappropriate dispensing was also observed for diarrhoea in Kenya [58], Tanzania [43,59], Nigeria [9,52] and Sudan [60]. However, good performers were also noted; in Tanzania for instance, 80 - 90% of drug stores dispense drugs recommended in national guidelines for STIs, although the authors noted the irony in the fact that the shops were not allowed to stock the medicines in the first place [27].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Patient history taking was observed to be poorly done in a number of studies. This was seen in Ghana, Nigeria and Sudan [9,56,60]. Nigerian PMVs were more likely to ask questions about illness if the shop was located in a rural setting, if the attending staff was the owner, or if the client was buying the drug for another person [62].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Examining characteristics, knowledge and regulatory practices of specialized drug shops in Sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review of the literature

Wafula

Miriti

Goodman

2012

BMC Health Serv Res

113

117

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

BackgroundSpecialized drug shops such as pharmacies and drug shops are increasingly becoming important sources of treatment. However, knowledge on their regulatory performance is scarce. We set out to systematically review literature on the characteristics, knowledge and practices of specialized drug shops in Sub-Saharan Africa.MethodsWe searched PubMed, EMBASE, WEB of Science, CAB Abstracts, PsycINFO and websites for organizations that support medicine policies and usage. We also conducted open searches using Google Scholar, and searched manually through references of retrieved articles. Our search included studies of all designs that described characteristics, knowledge and practices of specialized drug shops. Information was abstracted on authors, publication year, country and location, study design, sample size, outcomes investigated, and primary findings using a uniform checklist. Finally, we conducted a structured narrative synthesis of the main findings.ResultsWe obtained 61 studies, mostly from Eastern Africa, majority of which were conducted between 2006 and 2011. Outcome measures were heterogeneous and included knowledge, characteristics, and dispensing and regulatory practices. Shop location and client demand were found to strongly influence dispensing practices. Whereas shops located in urban and affluent areas were more likely to provide correct treatments, those in rural areas provided credit facilities more readily. However, the latter also charged higher prices for medicines. A vast majority of shops simply sold whatever medicines clients requested, with little history taking and counseling. Most shops also stocked popular medicines at the expense of policy recommended treatments. Treatment policies were poorly communicated overall, which partly explained why staff had poor knowledge on key aspects of treatment such as medicine dosage and side effects. Overall, very little is known on the link between regulatory enforcement and practices of specialized drug shops.ConclusionsEvidence suggests that characteristics and practices of specialized drug shops differ across rural and urban locations, and that these providers are highly responsive to client demand. However, there is a dearth in knowledge on how regulatory enforcement influences their characteristics and practices, and what strategies can be employed to strengthen the governance of the retail pharmaceutical sector.

show abstract

“…This is due to the number of pharmacists being lower than required 9. The dispensers working at community pharmacies in the developing countries do not possess adequate understanding regarding the process of effective disease management, though they are extensively involved in it 10,11,12,13,14,15,16. They hardly ask questions about the illness, and historical information obtained is inadequate to determine the nature or severity of disease or appropriateness of therapy 17,18,19,20,21,22…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of disease management of insomnia at community pharmacies through simulated visits in Pakistan

Hussain

Ibrahim

Malik

2013

Pharmacy Practice (Internet)

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

*Objective: The study aimed to document the state of insomnia management at community pharmacies in Pakistan. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at randomly selected 371 pharmacies in three cities of Pakistan. Simulated patient visits were performed to collect information on case management of insomnia in terms of history taking and patient counseling at community pharmacies. The data was coded, entered and analyzed by using SPSS Version 16. Kruskal-Wallis and Mann Whitney tests (p<0.05) were performed to find out differences. Results: The patients were mainly handled by salesman 83.8% (n=311), by pharmacist 3.5% (n=13) and pharmacy assistants 12.7% (n=47). The mean dispensing time was 1.11 minutes (SD=5.61) with the range of 0.5 -6 minutes. Of the 371 simulated patients who visited the pharmacies, 72.8% (n=270) subjects were given medicines and 24.3% (n=90) subjects were referred to the doctor for treatment of insomnia. 61.8% (n=193) of the subjects were given benzodiazepines, 35.6% (n=111) antihistamines and 2.6% (n=8) NSAIDs at community pharmacies in the three cities. The mean cost of treatment in case of insomnia was PKR12.7 (SD=10.13, median=10). Conclusions:The disease management of insomnia by community pharmacies in Pakistan is not appropriate. The overall process of history taking, medication counselling and referral practices at community pharmacies either located in rural or urban setting and irrespective of the provider type and location of pharmacies, in the three cities is limited.

show abstract

Pharmacy dispensing practices for Sudanese children with diarrhoea

Cited by 15 publications

References 3 publications

Improving Pharmacy Staff Knowledge and Practice on Childhood Diarrhea Management in Vietnam: Are Educational Interventions Effective?

Improving Pharmacy Staff Knowledge and Practice on Childhood Diarrhea Management in Vietnam: Are Educational Interventions Effective?

Examining characteristics, knowledge and regulatory practices of specialized drug shops in Sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review of the literature

Assessment of disease management of insomnia at community pharmacies through simulated visits in Pakistan

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About