Phase behaviour in slits—when tight cracks stay wet

Christenson, HK

doi:10.1016/s0927-7757(96)03781-8

Cited by 53 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…The crossed-cylinder configuration was adopted by Tabor and Winterton, who designed the first surface force apparatus to use mica [15]. This was followed by further developments to the instrument [85], which eventually led to a number of similar devices designed primarily to measure surface forces between mica surfaces or mica substrates altered by various surface modification techniques across liquids [86][87][88][89].…”

Section: Mica and The Surface Force Apparatusmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In air or vapour the separation at which capillary condensates form is often close to where an inward jump due to van der Waals forces is expected, or ca. 10-12 nm for substances where the adsorbed film thickness is 1-2 nm [89], and a detailed analysis is required to distinguish between the two mechanisms [111]. The mechanism of condensate formation for non-aqueous liquids was later shown to be consistent with a thickening of adsorbed layers induced by van der Waals forces between films on the opposing surfaces [105; 122].…”

Section: Mica and The Surface Force Apparatusmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The nature of the air-cleaved mica surface

Christenson

Thomson

2016

Surface Science Reports

115

102

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The accepted image of muscovite mica is that of an inert and atomically smooth surface, easily prepared by cleavage in an ambient atmosphere. Consequently, mica is extensively used a model substrate in many fundamental studies of surface phenomena and as a substrate for AFM imaging of biomolecules. In this review we present evidence from the literature that the above picture is not quite correct. The mica used in experimental work is almost invariably cleaved in laboratory air, where a reaction between the mica surface, atmospheric CO2 and water occurs immediately after cleavage. The evidence suggests very strongly that as a result the mica surface becomes covered by up to one formula unit of K2CO3 per nm 2 , which is mobile under humid conditions, and crystallizes under drier conditions. The properties of mica in air or water vapour cannot be fully understood without reference to the surface K2CO3, and many studies of the structure of adsorbed water on mica surfaces may need to be revisited. With this new insight, however, the air-cleaved mica should provide exciting opportunities to study phenomena such as two-dimensional ion diffusion, electrolyte effects on surface conductivity, and two-dimensional crystal nucleation.

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Section: Mica and The Surface Force Apparatusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mica and The Surface Force Apparatusmentioning

confidence: 99%

The nature of the air-cleaved mica surface

Christenson

Thomson

2016

Surface Science Reports

115

102

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…6,7 Some experimental and theoretical works on simple liquids have proposed that the in-pore freezing point T f is shifted to lower (higher) temperature with respect to the bulk freezing temperature showing that the freezing point for cyclohexane between parallel mica surfaces in a surface force apparatus is not elevated but decreased with respect to the bulk. 9 It was also shown that the freezing point of Kr in graphitic pores is decreased with respect to the bulk while the argument on the ratio of the wall/fluid to the fluid/fluid interaction strengths predicts an increase. 10 While the works cited above were performed for pores of a simple geometry, most real materials exhibit connected pores of varying geometry and size and with surface disorder so that freezing of liquids in such materials departs from that in ordered pores.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Effect of Surface Texture on Freezing in Nanopores: Surface-Induced versus Homogeneous Crystallization

Coasne

2015

Langmuir

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Freezing of argon in ordered and disordered carbon pores of a similar diameter D ∼ 2.4 nm is investigated using extensive molecular simulations with large system sizes up to 10(4) atoms. While crystallization in the atomistically smooth pore consists in a surface-induced phase transition occurring at a temperature larger than the bulk, crystallization in the disordered pores, which is only partial as it is spatially restricted to the pore center, occurs through homogeneous crystallization. These results shed light on solidification in pores by showing that there is a crossover between surface-induced and homogeneous crystallization upon increasing the surface disorder of the host material. In the latter case, the Gibbs-Thomson equation, in which crystallization is assumed to occur when the crystal size equals the pore size corrected for the thickness of the unfreezable layer at the pore surface, is in reasonable agreement with the observed freezing temperature.

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“…An instability and consequent jump into contact due to van der Waals forces still occurs at small separations (,3-5 nm) in noncondensable gases. A typical experiment of the type discussed here [1,12] starts with the mica surfaces far apart in vapor. The reservoir may contain liquid or solid, sometimes in excess, so that the chamber is close to saturation with vapor.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phase Behavior in Confinement Studied with a Surface Force Apparatus

Christenson

2006

Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology

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The free energy of a surface has a major influence on the phase behavior of systems where the area-to-volume ratio is large. These include finely dispersed solids and liquids as well as substances confined to meso-and microporous solids. In a surface force apparatus (SFA) mica surfaces at or close to contact form a single model pore in which surface energy effects on phase behavior may be conveniently studied. Capillary condensation of liquid from undersaturated vapor is the most familiar example of a surface-induced shift of bulk phase behavior, and this has been extensively studied with the SFA. I will here describe three additional examples of phase behavior in confinement studied with the SFA. The first is the observation of a surface-induced phase separation in a binary liquid mixture. The second example concerns the freezing and melting behavior of a long-chain n-alkane in confinement. The last example is a quantitative study of capillary condensation below the bulk melting point, i.e., from vapor in equilibrium with solid. These examples illustrate how the SFA may be used to study different aspects of surface effects on phase behavior and how the results complement experiments on phase behavior in porous solids.

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Phase behaviour in slits—when tight cracks stay wet

Cited by 53 publications

References 44 publications

The nature of the air-cleaved mica surface

The nature of the air-cleaved mica surface

Effect of Surface Texture on Freezing in Nanopores: Surface-Induced versus Homogeneous Crystallization

Phase Behavior in Confinement Studied with a Surface Force Apparatus

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