“…[9] Complementing CMOS circuitry with functional phase-change elements in the memory layer to achieve memory control, multiplexing, routing, and neuromorphic computations will relieve the area concerns in the underlying CMOS layer, making it easier to realize computer-on-chip and computation-inmemory as well as hardware implementation of artificial neural networks (Figure 2). The multicontact phase-change devices described in this article can be used to implement flip-flops, [52] routers, [53,54] multiplexers, [55] counters, and state machines at a smaller CMOS footprint as discussed later. These nonconventional phase-change devices can be integrated with CMOS access devices to offer more functionality and/or reduced area compared with conventional nonvolatile memory devices and CMOS circuitry, and can also enable computations using intermittent power.…”