“…Classical Lagrange Galerkin finite elements [146], exponential shape functions [292], isogeometric elements [222], discontinuous finite elements [293], or mixed formulations [283] were mostly utilized for the spatial discretization of the fracture/damage models as described in the previous section. Meshless methods for general phase-field were first introduced in [294] and for meshless phase-field fracture, see e.g., [216,295]. For discretized nonlinear systems, the following solvers are available: alternating minimisation algorithms [146,153,187,237,273,[296][297][298], alternating minimisation algorithm with path-following strategies [299], staggered scheme [186], stabilized staggered schemes [300][301][302][303], monolithic solvers [17,151,290,[304][305][306][307][308], and monolithic solvers with path-following strategies [309,310].…”