“…Effective antigen presentation by DCs followed by strong induction of tumor antigen‐specific T cells and alteration of the tumor microenvironment are required for improving the clinical effect. To date, 54 DC vaccination clinical trials have been performed (Akiyama et al., 2005; Banchereau et al., 2001, 2005; Barbuto et al., 2004; Bedrosian et al., 2003; Bercovici et al., 2008; Butterfield et al., 2003; Chang et al., 2002, 2009; Davis et al., 2006; Dillman et al., 2004, 2009; Di Nicola et al., 2004; Escobar et al., 2005; Escudier et al., 2005; von Euw et al., 2008; Gilliet et al., 2003; Griffioen et al., 2004; Grover et al., 2006; Haenssle et al., 2004; Hersey et al., 2004, 2008; Jonuleit et al., 2001; Krause et al., 2002; Kyte et al., 2006; Lau et al., 2001; Lesimple et al., 2006; Linette et al., 2005; Mackensen et al., 2000; Nagayama et al., 2003; Nakai et al., 2006, 2008; Nestle et al., 1998; O’Rourke et al., 2003, 2007; Palucka et al., 2003, 2006; Panelli et al., 2000; Redman et al., 2008; Ribas et al., 2004, 2009; Ridolfi et al., 2006; Salcedo et al., 2006; Schadendorf et al., 2006; Schuler‐Thurner et al., 2000, 2002; Slingluff et al., 2003; Smithers et al., 2003; Thurner et al., 1999; Trakatelli et al., 2006; Trefzer et al., 2004; Tuettenberg et al., 2006; Vilella et al., 2004; de Vries et al., 2003; Wei et al., 2006). The first summary of the results of DC vaccination from 626 patients in 38 trials (Engell‐Noerregaard et al., 2009) showed a significant effect in patients with stable disease (SD) with regard to clinical responses to peptide antigens, adjuvant, and induction of antigen‐specific T cells.…”