Phase I Trial of a CD8⁺T-Cell Peptide Epitope-Based Vaccine for Infectious Mononucleosis

Preclinical Vaccine Study of Plasmodium vivax Circumsporozoite Protein Derived-Synthetic Polypeptides Formulated in Montanide ISA 720 and Montanide ISA 51 Adjuvants

“…Both adjuvants have been previously used extensively in clinical trials addressed to test vaccines against malaria and other infectious pathogens. 7,[21][22][23][24] …”

Immunotherapy of Epstein-Barr Virus Associated Malignancies Using Mycobacterial HSP70 and LMP2A356–364 Epitope Fusion Protein

“…Moreover, there is a growing emphasis on enhancing the immunogenicity of peptide-based vaccine, such as development of effective human adjuvants and peptide vaccine delivery systems (34). Previous clinical trials and animal experiments have used oil-emulsion-type adjuvant, but this traditional adjuvant has shown serious side effects (12,15). Here we have produced a fusion protein containing a conserved LMP2A epitope and the MtHsp70, which offers a strategy to elicit the anti-tumor immunity of specific CTLs.…”

“…Furthermore, many clinical trials on LMP2A epitope based vaccines have been carried out in the past years. However, moderate or low responses have been observed in human trials and animal model tests (12)(13)(14)(15). One reason might be the poor immunogenicity of the LMP2A derived peptides.…”

Immunotherapy against cancer-related viruses

“…By using gamma interferon enzyme-linked immunospot assay, the investigators detected an increase in peptide-reactive T-cells in 8/9 evaluated vaccine recipients and 0/4 placebo controls. After 2 to 12 years of follow up, 4 out of 4 vaccinated patients studied had seroconverted asymptomatically [39]. Barriers currently preventing the further development and evaluation of a truly effective prophylactic vaccine for EBV include lack of knowledge as to whether gp350 is the optimal protein to induce a protective antibody response and the delay between primary EBV infection and the development of associated tumors.…”

“…These viruses are classified into highrisk and low-risk groups according to the propensity for malignant progression of the lesions that they cause. Persistent infection of high-risk subtypes, such as HPV- 16,18,31,33,35,39,45,51,52,56,58,59, or 66, has long been known to predispose to the development of cervical cancer [108] and is also associated with carcinomas of the oropharynx and anogenital region. HPV infects basal epithelial cells where viral genomes are persistently maintained as low-copy number episomes [4].…”