“…Importantly, arguing against its putative positive immunomodulatory role, standard therapy induces systemic immunosuppression and long-lasting severe lymphopenia [178,179,180,181,182,183,184,185,186,187], and may interfere with the immunotherapy/oncolytic virotherapy efficacy, which is critically dependent on the activity of the host’s own immune cells [10,159,188,189,190,191,192,193,194,195,196,197]. In support of this, recent studies have reported that high blood CD3+/CD4+ T cells counts [159] and tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte density [188] were correlated with better overall survival in glioblastoma patients receiving dendritic cell vaccination, while adjuvant TMZ hampered a CD8+ T cell count increase and the generation of CD8+ T cell-associated antitumor memory promoted by dendritic cell vaccination [198]. Standard therapy differentially affects the immune system of each patient [198,199,200], and patients with less severe standard therapy-induced immune suppression might derive more benefit from immunotherapy/oncolytic virotherapy than severely immunosuppressed patients.…”