This chapter describes vibrational spectra of conjugated conducting polymers such as polyacetylene, polythiophene, poly(
p
‐phenylenevinylene), and their derivatives. Molecular structures and vibrational porperties of pristine polymers have been elucidated. polarons, bipolarons, and solitons are charge carriers in the polymers. Charge carriers generated by chemical doping, light irradiation, and field effect have been characterized by infrared and Raman spectroscopy. Sub‐gap electronic transitions associated with the carriers have been described. It has been demonstrated that infrared and Raman spectroscopy are powerful tools for the studies of polymer structures and carriers in organic electronic devices such as light‐emitting diodes, solar cells, and field‐effect transistors.