Phase Modulation with Electrically Tunable Vanadium Dioxide Phase-Change Metasurfaces

Kim, Yonghwi; Wu, Pin Chieh; Sokhoyan, Ruzan; Mauser, Kelly W.; Glaudell, Rebecca; Shirmanesh, Ghazaleh Kafaie; Atwater, Harry A.

doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b01246

Cited by 231 publications

(167 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…Among these mechanisms, electrical tuning has been proven to be a robust, energy-efficient and reversible scheme for tuning active metasurfaces. [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] The ability of metasurfaces to spectrally, temporally, or spatially manipulate the wavefront of light with very high spatial resolution, is expected to accelerate miniaturization of optical devices and integration of optical systems. 17 However, in spite of advances in active metasurfaces to date, multifunctional reprogrammable metasurface components have not yet been demonstrated.…”

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confidence: 99%

Electro-optically Tunable Multifunctional Metasurfaces

Shirmanesh¹,

Sokhoyan²,

et al. 2020

ACS Nano

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266

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Shaping the flow of light at the nanoscale has been a grand challenge for nanophotonics over decades. It is now widely recognized that metasurfaces represent a chip-scale nanophotonics array technology capable of comprehensively controlling the wavefront of light via appropriately configuring subwavelength antenna elements. Here, we demonstrate a reconfigurable metasurface that is multifunctional, i.e., notionally capable of providing diverse optical functions in the telecommunication wavelength regime, using a single compact, lightweight, electronically-controlled array with no moving parts. By electro-optical control of the phase of the scattered light from each identical individual metasurface element in an array, we demonstrate a single prototype multifunctional programmable metasurface that is capable of both dynamic beam steering and reconfigurable light focusing. Reconfigurable multifunctional metasurfaces with arrays of tunable optical antennas thus can perform arbitrary optical functions by programmable array-level control of scattered light phase, amplitude, and polarization, similar to dynamic and programmable memories in electronics.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Electro-optically Tunable Multifunctional Metasurfaces

Shirmanesh¹,

Sokhoyan²,

et al. 2020

ACS Nano

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266

207

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“…Furthermore, with emerging two-dimensional layered materials for photonic applications, the use of such materials in combination with dielectric metasurfaces is also seen as a promising direction [118]. The ability to switch or tune nonlinear optical functionality at high-speed will also be useful for fast optical modulation [124][125][126]. The exploration of high-quality factor resonances such as quasi bound-state in continuum is also an important direction to realize high efficiency resonant metasurfaces [83].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonlinear Optics in Dielectric Guided-Mode Resonant Structures and Resonant Metasurfaces

et al. 2020

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Nonlinear optics is an important area of photonics research for realizing active optical functionalities such as light emission, frequency conversion, and ultrafast optical switching for applications in optical communication, material processing, precision measurements, spectroscopic sensing and label-free biological imaging. An emerging topic in nonlinear optics research is to realize high efficiency optical functionalities in ultra-small, sub-wavelength length scale structures by leveraging interesting optical resonances in surface relief metasurfaces. Such artificial surfaces can be engineered to support high quality factor resonances for enhanced nonlinear optical interaction by leveraging interesting physical mechanisms. The aim of this review article is to give an overview of the emerging field of nonlinear optics in dielectric based sub-wavelength periodic structures to realize efficient harmonic generators, wavelength mixers, optical switches etc. Dielectric metasurfaces support the realization of high quality-factor resonances with electric field concentrated either inside or in the vicinity of the dielectric media, while at the same time operate at high optical intensities without damage. The periodic dielectric structures considered here are broadly classified into guided-mode resonant structures and resonant metasurfaces. The basic physical mechanisms behind guided-mode resonances, electromagnetically-induced transparency like resonances and bound-states in continuum resonances in periodic photonic structures are discussed. Various nonlinear optical processes studied in such structures with example implementations are also reviewed. Finally, some future directions of interest in terms of realizing large-area metasurfaces, techniques for enhancing the efficiency of the nonlinear processes, heterogenous integration, and extension to non-conventional wavelength ranges in the ultra-violet and infrared region are discussed.

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“…The stability enabled by this continuously referenced technique allows for accurate, uninterrupted, and prolonged measurement of dynamic samples undergoing various perturbations, a capability not seen in recent demonstrations of metasurface characterization using other techniques . Furthermore, the Mach–Zehnder layout makes the setup highly reconfigurable.…”

Section: Demonstration Of Dynamic and Wavelength‐dependent Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Dynamic and Nanoscale Materials and Metamaterials with Continuously Referenced Interferometry

Ollanik

Hartfield

et al. 2019

Advanced Optical Materials

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The development of new optical materials and metamaterials has seen a natural progression toward both nanoscale geometries and dynamic performance. The development of these materials, such as optical metasurfaces which impart discrete, spatially dependent phase shifts on incident light, often benefits from the measurement of transmitted or reflected phase. Careful measurement of phase typically proves difficult to implement, due to high measurement sensitivity to practically unavoidable environmental sources of noise and drift. To date, no characterization technique has yet emerged as a frontrunner for these applications. This challenge is addressed using a custom‐designed three‐beam Mach–Zehnder interferometer capable of continuously referenced measurement of both phase and transmittance, resulting in a 10× reduction of noise and drift and phase measurement standard deviation over 10 min of 0.56° and over 16 h of 2.8°. High measurement stability provided by this method enables samples to be easily characterized under dynamic conditions. Temperature‐dependent measurements are demonstrated with phase‐change material vanadium dioxide (VO2), and with wavelength‐dependent measurements of a dielectric Huygens metasurface supporting a characteristic resonant reflection peak. A Fourier‐based signal filtering technique is applied, reducing measurement uncertainty to 0.13° and enabling discernment of monolayer thickness variations in 2D material MoS2.

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Phase Modulation with Electrically Tunable Vanadium Dioxide Phase-Change Metasurfaces

Cited by 231 publications

References 61 publications

Electro-optically Tunable Multifunctional Metasurfaces

Electro-optically Tunable Multifunctional Metasurfaces

Nonlinear Optics in Dielectric Guided-Mode Resonant Structures and Resonant Metasurfaces

Characterization of Dynamic and Nanoscale Materials and Metamaterials with Continuously Referenced Interferometry

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