Phase-Sensitive Measurements of Depth-Dependent Signal Transduction in the Inner Plexiform Layer

Abstract

Non-invasive spatially resolved functional imaging in the human retina has recently attracted considerable attention. Particularly functional imaging of bipolar and ganglion cells could aid in studying neuronal activity in humans, including an investigation of processes of the central nervous system. Recently, we imaged the activity of the inner neuronal layers by measuring nanometer-size changes of the cells within the inner plexiform layer (IPL) using phase-sensitive optical coherence tomography (OCT). In the IPL, there are connections between the neuronal cells that are dedicated to the processing of different aspects of the visual information, such as edges in the image or temporal changes. Still, so far, it was not possible to assign functional changes to single cells or cell classes in living humans, which is essential for studying the vision process. One characteristic of signal processing in the IPL is that different aspects of the visual impression are only processed in specific sub-layers (strata). Here, we present an investigation of these functional signals for three different sub-layers in the IPL with the aim to separate different properties of the visual signal processing. Whereas the inner depth-layer, closest to the ganglion cells, exhibits an increase in the optical path length, the outer depth-layer, closest to the bipolar cell layer, exhibits a decrease in the optical path length. Additionally, we found that the central depth is sensitive to temporal changes, showing a maximum response at a stimulation frequency of around 12.5 Hz. The results demonstrate that the signals from different cell types can be distinguished by phase-sensitive OCT.

Unraveling the functional signals of rods and cones in the human retina: separation and analysis

“…By simultaneously recording the FF-SS-OCT data, the phases of the detected signal can be analyzed in a much more robust way over time, allowing changes in the retina to be detected with greater sensitivity. As a result, FF-SS-OCT is so far the only imaging technique that can measure the small functional changes in the inner plexiform layer (IPL) in the living human retina, in addition to the functional signals in the photoreceptor cells ( 12 , 13 ). This makes it possible to study signal processing in the retina.…”