Phase shift in periodically driven non-equilibrium systems: its identification and a bound

Abstract

Time-dependently driven stochastic systems form a vast and manifold class of non-equilibrium systems used to model important applications on small length scales such as bit erasure protocols or microscopic heat engines. One property that unites all these quite different systems is some form of lag between the driving of the system and its response. For periodic steady states, we quantify this lag by introducing a generalized phase difference and prove a tight upper bound for it. In its most general version, this bound depends only on the relative speed of the driving.

Viscoelasticity of single folded proteins using dynamic atomic force microscopy

“…185 For instance, a time-dependent periodic driving of a fluctuating non-equilibrium system produces a phase lag between the response and the drive. 186,187 Dynamic AFM has now been successful for the first time in providing direct and artefact-free measurements of such a phase lag. Further, by controlling the speed of force application, this lag can be reduced or enhanced.…”