Phase Transformation Behavior and Mechanical Properties of Thermomechanically Treated K3XF Nickel-Titanium Instruments

New thermomechanically treated NiTi alloys – a review

“…, Shen et al . , , Braga et al . ) indicating that these instruments mainly contain superelastic austenite in the oral environment (Hou et al .…”

Effect of a Combination of Torsional and Cyclic Fatigue Preloading on the Fracture Behavior of K3 and K3XF Instruments

“…Differential scanning calorimetric analyses has found that reverse transformation of the K3XF passes through the intermediated R-phase, thus reflecting the complex phase transformation behavior tracking back to the manufacturing process (20). Hence, it was perhaps not surprising that the K3XF instruments were more flexible and resistant to cyclic …”

“…Recent studies (16)(17)(18)(19) have shown that K3XF instruments have fatigue resistance superior to K3 NiTi instruments. On the other hand, K3XF instruments maintain the same torsional properties as conventional superelastic NiTi instruments (K3) (18,20). Clinically, NiTi rotary instruments are subjected to a combination of torsional load and cyclic fatigue, but little information is available on the subject.…”

Effect of heat treatment on K3, K3XF and MTwo endodontic files

“…The superelasticity has made it possible to carry out extremely conservative shapes, better centered, with less canal transportation and therefore with more respect of the original anatomy [2]. NiTi shape memory alloys undergo transformation from cubic austenitic to monoclinic martensite when the applied stress in the austenite phase is enough to promote the stress-induced transformation [3,4]. This stress-induced martensitic transformation reverses spontaneously upon release of the stress and the material then returns to its original shape and size [4].…”

“…NiTi shape memory alloys undergo transformation from cubic austenitic to monoclinic martensite when the applied stress in the austenite phase is enough to promote the stress-induced transformation [3,4]. This stress-induced martensitic transformation reverses spontaneously upon release of the stress and the material then returns to its original shape and size [4]. Furthermore, the rhombohedral R-phase formation, thermoelastic, often precedes the martensitic transformation under certain conditions and is considered to be the main reason for increased flexibility of NiTi instruments over traditional stainless steel ones [5].…”