Phasic changes in heart rate and respiration correlated with PGO-spike activity during REM sleep

Baust, W; Holzbach, Ernst; Zechlin, O.

doi:10.1007/bf00587254

Cited by 37 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…REM sleep can be thought to consist of two somewhat different states -tonic and phasic epochs (figure 4). Phasic bursts or phasic REM epoch is recognized by occurrence of rapid eye movements, twitching muscles and pontine cholinergic discharge (27,(38)(39)(40) interspersed between periods of tonic REM sleep. A majority of individuals awakened from REM sleep report dreaming as opposed to only 10-15% of those in SWS (27).…”

Section: Rem or Active Sleepmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiovascular physiology and sleep

Somers¹

2003

Front Biosci

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Sleep is a natural periodic suspension of consciousness during which processes of rest and restoration occur. The cognitive, reparative and regenerative accompaniments of sleep appear to be essential for maintenance of health and homeostasis. This brief overview will examine the cardiovascular responses to normal and disordered sleep, and their physiologic and pathologic implications. In the past, sleep was believed to be a passive state. The tableau of sleep as it unfolds is anything but a passive process. The brain's activity is as complex as wakefulness, never "resting" during sleep. Following the demise of the 'passive theory of sleep' (the reticular activating system is fatigued during the waking day and hence becomes inactive), there arose the 'active theory of sleep' (sleep is due to an active general inhibition of the brain) (1). Hess demonstrated the active nature of sleep in cats, inducing "physiological sleep" with electrical stimulation of the diencephalon (2). Classical experiments of transection of the cat brainstem (3) at midpontine level inhibited sleep completely, implying that centers below this level were involved in the induction of sleep (1, 4). For the first time, measurement of sleep depth without awakening the sleeper using the electroencephalogram (EEG) was demonstrated in animals by Caton and in humans, by Berger (1). This was soon followed by discovery of the rapid eye movement sleep periods (REM) by Aserinski and Kleitman (5), demonstration of periodical sleep cycles and their association with REM sleep (6, 7). Multiple studies and steady discoveries (4) made polysomnography, with its ability to perform simultaneous whole night recordings of EEG, electromyogram (EMG), and electrooculogram (EOC), a major diagnostic tool in study of sleep disorders. This facility has been of further critical importance in allowing evaluation of the interaction between sleep and changes in hemodynamics and autonomic cardiovascular control. Consequently the effects of sleep could be objectively differentiated from the effects of rest and recumbency. Furthermore, the specific effects of sleep onset and termination, and the effects of different sleep stages, could be assessed. Technological advances, with consequently enhanced and relatively non-invasive approaches to cardiovascular regulation, have greatly broadened our understanding of the effects of sleep stage on cardiovascular function. Continuous monitoring of simultaneous measures of polysomnographic and cardiovascular variables enables characterization of the effects of dynamic changes and rapid transitions in sleep stage, such as arousals. The capacity for measuring acute and immediate changes in autonomic, EEG and hemodynamic responses to sleep and arousal on a continuous basis has played an important role in enabling us to understand the interplay between changes in EEG and changes in the more peripheral measurements of neural and circulatory variables, such as sympathetic nerve traffic, heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP). Measurements of hea...

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Section: Rem or Active Sleepmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiovascular physiology and sleep

Somers¹

2003

Front Biosci

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“…In addition to REM sleep induction, PGO waves have also been implicated in several other important brain functions such as sensorimotor integration, learning, memory, cognition, dreaming, self organization, development of the visual system, visual hallucination, and startle responses (Baust et al, 1972;Bowe-Anders et al, 1974;Morrison and Bowker, 1975;Bowker and Morrison, 1976;Hobson and McCarley, 1977;Orem and Barnes, 1980;Crick and Mitchison, 1983;Davenne and Adrien, 1984;Sanford et al, 1992aSanford et al, ,b, 1993Kahn and Hobson, 1993). If PGO waves are involved in all of these functions, the primary brain structures involved in the above functions would receive anatomical projections from PGO-generating cells in the pons.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Localization of pontine PGO wave generation sites and their anatomical projections in the rat

Datta

Siwek

Patterson

et al. 1998

Synapse

142

122

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A number of experimental and theoretical reports have suggested that the ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) wave-generating cells are involved in the generation of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and REM sleep dependent cognitive functions. No studies to date have examined anatomical projections from PGO-generating cells to those brain structures involved in REM sleep generation and cognitive functions. In the present study, pontine PGO wave-generating sites were mapped by microinjecting carbachol in 74 sites of the rat brainstem. Those microinjections elicited PGO waves only when made in the dorsal part of the nucleus subcoeruleus of the pons. In six rats, the anterograde tracer biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) was microinjected into the physiologically identified cholinoceptive pontine PGO-generating site to identify brain structures receiving efferent projections from those PGO-generating sites. In all cases, small volume injections of BDA in the cholinoceptive pontine PGO-generating sites resulted in anterograde labeling of fibers and terminals in many regions of the brain. The most important output structures of those PGO-generating cells were the occipital cortex, entorhinal cortex, piriform cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, and many other thalamic, hypothalamic, and brainstem nuclei that participate in the generation of REM sleep. These findings provide anatomical evidence for the hypothesis that the PGO-generating cells in the pons could be involved in the generation of REM sleep. Since PGO-generating cells project to the entorhinal cortex, piriform cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus, these PGO-generating cells could also be involved in the modulation of cognitive functions.

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“…Peter-Derex who stated that the morning peak in the frequency of vascular events might not only be related to circadian variations, but also to REM sleep morning preeminence support this hypothesis ( Peter-Derex and Derex, 2019 ). This is because the last sleep cycles of the night contain more REM sleep, a state of autonomic instability dominated by remarkable fluctuations between parasympathetic and sympathetic influences, whereas NREM sleep is associated with an increase in vagal drive and a decrease in cardiac sympathetic activity ( Somers et al, 1993 ; Baust et al, 1972 ). REM sleep thus constitutes a period of vascular vulnerability as compared to NREM sleep.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep microarchitecture is altered in patients with wake-up ischemic stroke: A polysomnographic study

Mekky

Elkholy

Hamdy

et al. 2021

Neurobiology of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms

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It is well established that certain alteration of sleep disorders occur in patients with wake-up stroke (WUS) such as sleep disordered breathing, periodic limb movements and sleep duration. However, the data are lacking about the microarchitecture of different sleep stages among those patients. Aim of work To compare the polysomnographic microarchitecture of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep between WUS and daytime stroke (DTS). Methods A cross-sectional polysomnographic study was conducted on 20 patients with WUS and 20 patients with DTS, with analysis of REM sleep microarchitecture in specific. Results Patients with WUS had significantly shorter REM stage (11.76 ± 5.48% in WUS versus 16.59 ± 5.33% in DTS, P = 0.008), longer early morning REM was (25.70 ± 13.13 min in WUS versus 4.15 ± 4.69 min in DTS, P=<0.001), higher apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) during REM (6.29 ± 10.18 in WUS versus 1.10 ± 4.57 in DTS, P = 0.009), and lower mean Oxygen saturation during REM (92.70 ± 3.63 WUS versus 95.45 ± 1.35 DTS, P = 0.012). The OR of early morning REM duration was 1.8 (CI 1.099–3.130, p = 0.021) for WUS. Conclusion The microarchitecture of REM sleep is disrupted in patients with wake-up stroke.

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Phasic changes in heart rate and respiration correlated with PGO-spike activity during REM sleep

Cited by 37 publications

References 7 publications

Cardiovascular physiology and sleep

Cardiovascular physiology and sleep

Localization of pontine PGO wave generation sites and their anatomical projections in the rat

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep microarchitecture is altered in patients with wake-up ischemic stroke: A polysomnographic study

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