Phasmatodea – Stick Insects and Leaf Insects

Shi, Chunyi; Shih, Chungkun; Chen, Sha; Ren, Dong

doi:10.1002/9781119427957.ch13

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…This detail is lacking from the original species description [ 100 ] and from subsequent morphological studies including this species [ 101 , 102 ]. Contradicting the previous assumption that female leaf insects are entirely devoid of ocelli [ 69 , 103 ], this discovery may be interpreted as further evidence for secondary ocelli gain—even in flightless species or sexes. Generally, however, it cannot be excluded that a potentially functional ocellar system may be present internally in the absence of an external (visible) lens as it has been observed in other insects [ 104 – 108 ] and that this condition preceded the development of fully-formed ocelli at least in some lineages such as Phyllium .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 66%

A second view on the evolution of flight in stick and leaf insects (Phasmatodea)

Bank

Bradler

2022

BMC Ecol Evo

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Background The re-evolution of complex characters is generally considered impossible, yet, studies of recent years have provided several examples of phenotypic reversals shown to violate Dollo’s law. Along these lines, the regain of wings in stick and leaf insects (Phasmatodea) was hypothesised to have occurred several times independently after an ancestral loss, a scenario controversially discussed among evolutionary biologists due to overestimation of the potential for trait reacquisition as well as to the lack of taxonomic data. Results We revisited the recovery of wings by reconstructing a phylogeny based on a comprehensive taxon sample of over 500 representative phasmatodean species to infer the evolutionary history of wings. We additionally explored the presence of ocelli, the photoreceptive organs used for flight stabilisation in winged insects, which might provide further information for interpreting flight evolution. Our findings support an ancestral loss of wings and that the ancestors of most major lineages were wingless. While the evolution of ocelli was estimated to be dependent on the presence of (fully-developed) wings, ocelli are nevertheless absent in the majority of all examined winged species and only appear in the members of few subordinate clades, albeit winged and volant taxa are found in every euphasmatodean lineage. Conclusion In this study, we explored the evolutionary history of wings in Phasmatodea and demonstrate that the disjunct distribution of ocelli substantiates the hypothesis on their regain and thus on trait reacquisition in general. Evidence from the fossil record as well as future studies focussing on the underlying genetic mechanisms are needed to validate our findings and to further assess the evolutionary process of phenotypic reversals.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 66%

A second view on the evolution of flight in stick and leaf insects (Phasmatodea)

Bank

Bradler

2022

BMC Ecol Evo

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show abstract

“…This detail is lacking from the original species description 96 and from subsequent morphological studies including this species 97,98 . Contradicting the previous assumption that female leaf insects are entirely devoid of ocelli 66,99 , this discovery may be interpreted as further evidence for secondary ocelli gain -even in flightless species or sexes. Generally however, it cannot be excluded that a potentially functional ocellar system may be present internally in the absence of an external (visible) lens as it has been observed in other insects [100][101][102][103][104] and that this condition preceded the development of fully-formed ocelli at least in some lineages such as Phyllium.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

A second view on the evolution of flight in stick and leaf insects (Phasmatodea)

Bank

Bradler

2021

Preprint

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The re-evolution of complex characters is generally considered impossible, yet, studies of recent years have provided several examples of phenotypic reversals shown to violate Dollo's law. Along these lines, the regain of wings in stick and leaf insects (Phasmatodea) was hypothesised to have occurred several times independently after an ancestral loss, a scenario controversially discussed among evolutionary biologists. Here, we revisit the recovery of wings by reconstructing a phylogeny based on a comprehensive taxon sample of over 500 representative phasmatodean species to infer the evolutionary history of wings. We additionally explored the presence of ocelli, the photoreceptive organs used for flight stabilisation in winged insects, which might provide further information for interpreting flight evolution. Our findings support an ancestral loss of wings and that the ancestors of most major lineages were wingless. While the evolution of ocelli was estimated to be dependent on the presence of (fully-developed) wings, ocelli are nevertheless absent in the majority of all examined winged species and only appear in the members of few subordinate clades, albeit winged and volant taxa are found in every lineage. The disjunct distribution of ocelli substantiates the hypothesis on trait reacquisition and that wings were regained in Phasmatodea.

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“…Notable species include the world's longest insects (e.g. Phryganistria chinensis Zhao, Phobaeticus chani Bragg, Phobaeticus kirbyi Brunner von Wattenwyl and Phobaeticus serratipes (Gray)) (Baggaley, 2016; Bragg, 1995; Shi et al., 2019), one of the world's rarest insect ( Dryococelus australis (Montrouzier) (Priddel et al., 2003), and a well‐known laboratory species ( Carausius morosus Sinety) (Bedford, 1978; Headrick & Wilen, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biology and ecology of the Northern walkingstick, Diapheromera femorata (Say) (Phasmatodea: Diapheromerinae): A review

Liu

2021

J Applied Entomology

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The northern walkingstick, Diapheromera femorata (Say), is the only stick insect of economic importance native to the United States. Young nymphs feed on various understory shrubs and trees whereas older nymphs and adults prefer oaks and cherries. Occasionally, field populations reach outbreak levels and cause complete tree defoliation. Widespread damage rarely occurs except those reported from Michigan

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Phasmatodea – Stick Insects and Leaf Insects

Cited by 4 publications

References 22 publications

A second view on the evolution of flight in stick and leaf insects (Phasmatodea)

A second view on the evolution of flight in stick and leaf insects (Phasmatodea)

A second view on the evolution of flight in stick and leaf insects (Phasmatodea)

Biology and ecology of the Northern walkingstick, Diapheromera femorata (Say) (Phasmatodea: Diapheromerinae): A review

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