Although phosphorus (P) is an essential
element, its availability
to plants is often limited, and P-containing fertilizers must be supplemented
to stimulate plant performance. However, the inefficiencies and negative
environmental impacts associated with current nutrient delivery strategies have motivated
interest in nanotechnology-enabled agriculture. Here, we synthesized
biodegradable polymer nanocomposites (PNCs) containing polyhydroxyalkanoate
(PHA) and calcium phosphate nanoparticles (Ca–P–NPs)
and assessed their efficacy as a P-delivery vehicle, compared to a
conventional P source (CaHPO4), using tomato as a test
plant. The effectiveness of PHA–Ca–P PNCs was assessed
by measuring plant biomass, fruit yield and quality, tissue elemental
and chlorophyll content, and enzymatic biomarkers. Phosphorus in the
leachate was used as a surrogate for runoff. PHA–Ca–P
PNCs biodegraded as a result of microbial activity in the soil, controlling
the release of P during the initial stages of plant growth. PHA–Ca–P
PNCs supported plant performance comparably to the conventional P
source, while significantly reducing the P loss from the soil by over
80%. Given the negative consequences of eutrophication driven by P-rich
agricultural runoff, this significant reduction in lost P has broad
implications. Our studies also highlight the need to improve the efficiency
of P uptake by plants from exogenous P sources. Collectively, these
findings demonstrate the significant potential of biodegradable PNCs
as a nutrient delivery platform to simultaneously enhance crop productivity
and reduce the negative impacts of agriculture on the environment.