Phenidone prevents kainate-induced neurotoxicity via antioxidant mechanisms

Ascorbate attenuates trimethyltin-induced oxidative burden and neuronal degeneration in the rat hippocampus by maintaining glutathione homeostasis

“…The amount of lipid peroxidation was determined by measuring the accumulation of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances in homogenates of hippocampal tissue and is expressed as MDA content (Jareno et al, 1998;Kim et al, 1999bKim et al, , 2000cKim et al, , 2002a. In brief, 0.1 ml of the homogenate (or standard solutions prepared daily from 1,1,3,3-tetra-methoxypropane) and 0.75 ml of the working solution (thiobarbituric acid 0.37% and perchloric acid 6.4%, 2:1 v/v) were mixed and heated to 95°C for 1 h. After cooling (10 min in ice water bath), the flocculent precipitate was removed by centrifugation at 3200ϫg for 10 min.…”

“…The extent of protein oxidation was assessed by measuring the content of protein carbonyl groups, which was determined spectrophotometrically with the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH)-labeling procedure (Kim et al, 1997(Kim et al, , 2000c(Kim et al, , 2002a as described by Oliver et al (1987). The results are expressed as nmol of DNPH incorporated/mg protein based on the extinction coefficient (21 mM Ϫ1 cm Ϫ1 ) for aliphatic hydrazones.…”

“…GSH and GSSG were immediately measured from dissected hippocampal tissues by the method described by Reed et al (1980) with minor modification (Kim et al, 1999b(Kim et al, , 2000c. Briefly, a sample of the acidified supernatant was added to the internal standard (1 mM cysteic acid) and 0.88 M iodoacetic acid.…”

“…Only neurons with a visible nucleus and in which the entire outline of the cell was apparent were counted (Kim et al, 1999a;Shin et al, 2004Shin et al, , 2005. Every sixth section (200 m separation distance) was evaluated with a 63ϫ oil immersion objective on an Olympus microscope using a video camera and monitor (Kim et al, 1997(Kim et al, , 2000c(Kim et al, , 2002a.…”

“…Abnormalities in glutathione synthesis can result in neurological disorders (Bains and Shaw, 1997;Schweizer et al, 2004), and recent studies have suggested that membrane lipid peroxidation may be involved in epileptogenesis in some experimental models of epilepsy (Kim et al, 1997(Kim et al, , 2000c(Kim et al, , 2002aSingh and Pathak, 1990;Willmore et al, 1986). The production of epileptiform discharges in some forms of experimental epilepsy/convulsion is believed to be mediated by membrane lipid peroxidation initiated by the action of oxygen radicals, which can alter electrophysiologic properties of membranes, such as iongating (Pellmar, 1986).…”