Phenol-rich bio-oil derivation via microwave-induced fast pyrolysis of oil palm empty fruit bunch with activated carbon

Idris, Rubia; Chong, William Woei Fong; Ali, Aida; Idris, Sidah; Hasan, Mohd Faizal; Ani, Farid Nasir; Chong, Cheng Tung

doi:10.1016/j.eti.2020.101291

Cited by 42 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…In Fig. 4, an example of comparison of ultimate analyses of the chosen samples with other studies is shown [35,[44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52]. In all of the works, there is a little difference in the ultimate analytical results of the feedstock samples.…”

Section: Composition (%)mentioning

confidence: 84%

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Conversion of oil palm waste into value-added products through pyrolysis: a sensitivity and techno-economic investigation

Parthasarathy

Alherbawi

Shahbaz

et al. 2022

Biomass Conv. Bioref.

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In this study, an empirical model for the pyrolysis of major oil palm wastes (OPW) such as palm kernel shell (PKS), empty fruit bunches (EFB), and oil palm frond (OPF), and their blends is developed. Moreover, the techno-economic feasibility of the wastes is investigated to determine the type of waste that would be suitable for the commercialization of different types of products. According to the model results, the bio-oil dominates the pyrolysis process’ product output, accounting for 59.21, 50.51, 56.60, and 55.65% of PKS, EFB, OPF, and their blend, respectively. Whereas biochar yield is 23.21, 23.1, 22.95, and 23.08%, gas yield is 17.57, 26.38, 20.44, and 21.27%. The findings demonstrate that the feedstocks under consideration are mostly suitable for producing bio-oil. According to the economic analysis, PKS-based pyrolysis has the highest capital expenses (CAPEX), while EFB-based pyrolysis has the lowest CAPEX of all tested feedstocks. Furthermore, PKS has the highest operating expenses (OPEX) due to its relatively higher market price as well as higher moisture content, which necessitates more energy input during the drying stage. Among the feedstocks, OPF has delivered the highest profit of USD 17 M/year, with a 22% return on investment (ROI). In terms of investment capital payback period, all OPW feedstocks demonstrated a reasonable period of 4–6 years. Bio-oil is the most valuable pyrolysis product, with the highest market value when compared to biochar and syngas. The established prediction model can be utilized as a solid reference for biomass pyrolysis modelling studies. Furthermore, the predicted values are reasonable enough to be used in industrial process design.

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Section: Composition (%)mentioning

confidence: 84%

“…3 [35,[44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52]. All of the works show a minor difference in the proximate analysis results of the feedstock samples.…”

Section: Composition (%)mentioning

confidence: 92%

Conversion of oil palm waste into value-added products through pyrolysis: a sensitivity and techno-economic investigation

Parthasarathy

Alherbawi

Shahbaz

et al. 2022

Biomass Conv. Bioref.

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“…They found that a large specific surface area of the AC can increase both yield and quantity of bio-oil. Idris et al (2021) studied microwave-induced fast pyrolysis of oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) with added AC. They found that AC as a MW absorber significantly increased the bio-oil yield to 38.3 wt% at 500 °C and phenol compounds to 43.0%.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Properties of bio-oil and bio-char from high-intensity microwave-assisted pyrolysis of oil palm shell waste

Jansuwan

Jumrat

Punvichai

et al. 2023

BioRes

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Microwave-assisted pyrolysis was applied using four magnetrons to implement a high intensity at a power density of 0.3107 W/m3 with 800 g specimen size. The 23 full factorial experimental design manipulated the factors temperature, mixture ratio, and pyrolysis time, seeking to maximize %yield at minimum cost of crude bio-oil. The optimum according to model fit had a temperature of 611 °C with a 70:30 sample mixture ratio of oil palm shell (OPS) to activated carbon (AC), and time 39.6 min for a yield of 15.3% and 8.48 Thai-Baht/cc cost. The coefficients of determination were R2 = 93.99% and 94.00% for the respective models. In the aqueous phase of crude bio-oil, acetic acid was the dominant chemical component at 55.2%, whereas phenol was dominant in the bio-oil phase at 44.2%, from 400 °C pyrolysis temperature. The assessed properties of bio-char were proximate composition, heating value, specific surface, and pore volume, and these were improved compared to the raw OPS. However, these properties must be improved further to match commercial-grade activated carbon.

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“…Physical activation involves carbonization followed by activation using carbon (IV) oxide (CO 2 ) or steam (H 2 O), while chemical activation involves using one of the reagents as an activating agent [14]. Thus, the chemical activation process is an efficient method to produce activated carbon with a high surface area and a distributed porosity [15]. Thus, co-pyrolysis of biomass substrate…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Activated Carbon Prepared From Native Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Fibre

2022

UJPICR

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Empty fruit bunch (EFB) fibre is one of the residues generated during Oil palm processing which accounts for the 22% of Fresh Oil Palm Fruit. Thus, potential of the fiber was studied for the production of sustainable activated carbon using Zinc Chloride [ZnCl 2 ] and Phosphoric acid [H 2 PO 3 ] as activating reagents. Surface area and porosity of the activated carbons and the copyrolysis of fiber and Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) at 500°C char products were determined. Thus, both results show that the activated carbon prepared from Zinc chloride has higher surface area and pore volume than Phosphoric acid. Likewise, the surface area and porosity of the co-pyrolysis char product for the fiber and LDPE samples indicated that mixture (20% LDPE and 80%EFB) has the highest BET surface area (597.27m 2 /g). Also, the pore sizedistribution of the prepared Activated Carbon (AC) calculated using Density Functional Theory (DFT) method indicated that both Activated carbons as well as the co-pyrolysis char product are in the range of 1.6-2.7 nm using the DFT model plot which show broad peaks in the microporous condition region. So, the fiber can produced high surface area and pore volume activated carbons through pyrolysis as well as through chemical activation.

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Phenol-rich bio-oil derivation via microwave-induced fast pyrolysis of oil palm empty fruit bunch with activated carbon

Cited by 42 publications

References 46 publications

Conversion of oil palm waste into value-added products through pyrolysis: a sensitivity and techno-economic investigation

Conversion of oil palm waste into value-added products through pyrolysis: a sensitivity and techno-economic investigation

Properties of bio-oil and bio-char from high-intensity microwave-assisted pyrolysis of oil palm shell waste

Activated Carbon Prepared From Native Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Fibre

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