Phenolic Acids from Fructus Chebulae Immaturus Alleviate Intestinal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Mice through the PPARα/NF-κB Pathway

Abstract

Intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (II/R) injury is a common life-threatening complication with high morbidity and mortality. Chebulae Fructus Immaturus, the unripe fruit of Terminalia chebula Retz., also known as “Xiqingguo” or “Tibet Olive” in China, has been widely used in traditional Tibetan medicine throughout history. The phenolic acids’ extract of Chebulae Fructus Immaturus (XQG for short) has exhibited strong antioxidative, anti-inflammation, anti-apoptosis, and antibacterial activities. However, whether XQG can effectively ameliorate II/R injuries remains to be clarified. Our results showed that XQG could effectively alleviate II/R-induced intestinal morphological damage and intestinal barrier injury by decreasing the oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and cell death. Transcriptomic analysis further revealed that the main action mechanism of XQG protecting against II/R injury was involved in activating PPARα and inhibiting the NF-κB-signaling pathway. Our study suggests the potential usage of XQG as a new candidate to alleviate II/R injury.

6‐Shogaol from Dried Ginger Protects against Intestinal Ischemia/Reperfusion by Inhibiting Cell Apoptosis via the BDNF/TrkB/PI3K/AKT Pathway

“…After 7 days of acclimatization, all rats were fasted for 12 h with free access to water and then randomly assigned into five groups ( n = 6 in each group) as followed: sham group, II/R group, 6‐SG (L) + II/R group, 6‐SG (H) + II/R group, and 6‐SG (H) +sham group. The II/R injury model was established according to the previous study with minor modifications that ischemia was carried out for 1 h and reperfusion for 2 h. [ 27 ]…”

“…After 7 days of acclimatization, all rats were fasted for 12 h with free access to wa-ter and then randomly assigned into five groups (n = 6 in each group) as followed: sham group, II/R group, 6-SG (L) + II/R group, 6-SG (H) + II/R group, and 6-SG (H) +sham group. The II/R injury model was established according to the previous study with minor modifications that ischemia was carried out for 1 h and reperfusion for 2 h. [27] Dosage Information: 6-SG (Chengdu Must Bio-Technology CO., Chengdu, China) was suspended in 0.5% w/v sodium carboxymethylcellulose and administered to rats intragastrically once a day for 3 consecutive days at a dose of 25 mg kg −1 for 6-SG (L) + II/R group and 50 mg kg −1 for 6-SG (H) + II/R group and 6-SG (H) +sham group. The dose of 6-SG was chosen based on a previous study which showed a mitigating effect on ischemia/reperfusion-induced brain injury in rats.…”

Unveiling the molecular complexity of intestinal ischemia–reperfusion injury through omics technologies

“…In our literature search, 15 studies made use of transcriptomics technology to study intestinal IR injury versus sham surgery in animals [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] (Table 1, part I). The aims of these studies ranged from exploring overall changes in gene expression in intestinal IR for a better understanding of the pathological process and/or to identify potential therapeutic targets [10,16,17,21], to specific testing of a therapeutic intervention [11,13,15,18,19], or both [12,14,23,24]. For these studies, mice were most commonly used to establish an intestinal IR model [11,13,[15][16][17][18][19]21], and two studies made use of rats [10,14].…”

Study on Quality Characteristic of Chebulae Fructus and Its Adulterants and Degradation Pathway of Hydrolyzable Tannins

“…However, there were four other adulterants, including Chebulae Fructus Immaturus (CFI), Terminaliae Belliricae Fructus (TBF) [13], Phyllanthi Fructus (PF) [14], and Canarii Fructus (CAF) [15], which are frequently misused, mixed, and adulterated in clinical settings due to their similar names, appearance, and pharmacological effects. CFI, as the immature CF, is a popular folk medicine prescribed for a sore throat, pharyngitis, and dysentery [16]. Notably, CF, TBF, and PF are widely recognized as the polyherbal medicine "Triphala" [12], and both TBF and PF contain the similar major constituents to CF, including tannins, flavonoids, and triterpenoids.…”