Phenolic Antioxidants from the Whole Plant of Phyllanthus urinaria

Abstract

The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrydydrazyl (DPPH) assay on the extract of Phyllanthus urinaria L. (Euphorbiaceae) displayed considerable radical-scavenging activity (SC50 = 14.3 microg/ml). Further bioassay-guided purification of the extract led to the isolation of a series of 15 phenolic compounds, including the ellagitannins 1-7, the flavonoids 8-10, and the simple hydroxylated (or glycosylated) aromatic acids 11-15. Their structures were identified by spectroscopic analyses and comparison with authentic samples or literature data. The structure of repandinin B (1) was for the first time fully assigned by 1D- and 2D-NMR experiments. The phenolic compounds 1, 3, 4, 6, 9, 11, and 15 have not been isolated before from the title plant. The antioxidant activities and mushroom-tyrosinase-inhibitory activities of all compounds were determined by DPPH-radical-scavenging and mushroom-tyrosinase-inhibitory assays (Table 2).

Potentially antioxidant compounds indicated from Mallotus and Phyllanthus species fingerprints

“…Three groups of species, i.e. M. apelta (samples 1,4,5,8,34), M. paniculatus (samples 6,17,35,36) and P. reticulatus (samples 9,14,20,25,26) are clustered nicely, i.e. they are situated in each other proximity.…”

“…They have been extensively used in folk medicine in India, China, Vietnam and other countries for thousands of years for the treatment of a broad spectrum of diseases. For instance, the genus Mallotus has been used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis and enteritis [17,18], while the genus Phyllanthus has been used for kidney, urinary bladder, and intestinal infections, and for diabetes [19,20]. Recently, many studies were performed concerning the chemical components of Mallotus and Phyllanthus species and several pharmacologically active constituents were determined [12,[21][22][23][24][25].…”

“…60 min chromatographic fingerprints of (a) Mallotus apelta samples(1,4,5,8,34), (b) Mallotus paniculatus samples(6,13,17,35,36), (c) Phyllanthus emblica samples (2, 3, 7, 15, 21, 28), (d) Phyllanthus reticulatus samples(9,14,18,20,25,26), (e) Phyllanthus urinaria L. samples(10,16,23,24,30,31,33) and (f) Phyllanthus amarus samples…”

Phyllanthus urinaria suppresses human osteosarcoma cell invasion and migration by transcriptionally inhibiting u-PA via ERK and Akt signaling pathways

“…P. urinaria is widely used as anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antibacterial and antihepatotoxic medicines (Thyagarajan et al, 1988;Cheng et al, 2011;Chudapongse et al, 2010;Hau et al, 2009;Lai et al, 2008). All parts of the plant may be employed therapeutically (Xu et al, 2007). The anticancer effect of P. urinaria has been reported in the academic literature (Bharali et al, 2003;Huang et al, 2004Huang et al, , 2006Huang et al, , 2010.…”

Formulation and in vitro release evaluation of newly synthesized palm kernel oil esters-based nanoemulsion delivery system for 30% ethanolic dried extract derived from local Phyllanthus urinaria for skin antiaging

“…8 Various antioxidant compounds, such as polyphenols, have been identified in P. urinaria ( Figure 1). 9,10 Polyphenols are secondary plant metabolites with important commercial and biological roles due to their antioxidant activity. 11,12 They are good electron donors with a good redox potential, so are able to scavenge free radicals and reactive oxygen species and reduce or prevent the harmful effects of reactive oxygen species.…”