Phenolic-Based Foams: State of the Art, New Challenges, and Opportunities

Sandhya, P.K.; Sreekala, M. S.; Thomas, Sabu

doi:10.1007/978-981-16-5237-0_1

Cited by 4 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…Polyphenolic foams or phenol–formaldehyde (PF) foams refer to a family of foams resulting from the polymerization of phenolic monomers with aldehydes, in particular formaldehyde ( Figure 8 a) [ 105 , 106 ]. The process can be described in two simultaneous steps: the crosslinking reaction of phenolic compounds and aldehydes; and the foaming of the polymer mixture.…”

Section: Rigid Cellular Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The latter configuration produces bisphenol F, a precursor of polycarbonate plastics. Compared to foams made from other precursors, these generally exhibit less brittleness and fragility, which is the main weakness of PF foams [ 106 ]. Therefore, many studies have attempted to improve the mechanical properties of PF foams by adding epoxy resins (EP) or bioresources to the formulation [ 106 , 108 , 110 , 112 ].…”

Section: Rigid Cellular Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Compared to foams made from other precursors, these generally exhibit less brittleness and fragility, which is the main weakness of PF foams [ 106 ]. Therefore, many studies have attempted to improve the mechanical properties of PF foams by adding epoxy resins (EP) or bioresources to the formulation [ 106 , 108 , 110 , 112 ]. Another disadvantage that is worth mentioning is that PF foams release acidic vapors over time, which corrode nearby metals, limiting their applications [ 114 ].…”

Section: Rigid Cellular Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nevertheless, PFs have been reported to be brittle materials, and need to be strengthened in order to improve their mechanical properties. Several studies have attempted to improve their mechanical performance by adding different fillers, such as fibers [ 106 , 116 , 121 , 123 , 124 , 125 ], or by chemical modification. In addition, the chemical similarity of epoxy (EP) to that of PF foams allows the ease of reaction and good mechanical properties of both systems to be combined.…”

Section: Rigid Cellular Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, De Carvalho et al [ 105 ] achieved improved mechanical properties by combining synthetic phenols and lignin-derived phenols, while compromising the characteristic lightness of polymeric foams. In more recent studies, improvements to the properties of PFs have also been reported through the addition of microcrystalline cellulose, clays, graphene, nano-silica or (nano)-lignin [ 106 , 127 ]. Following this strategy, some alternatives to petroleum-based reagents for foam manufacturing are examined in the next section.…”

Section: Rigid Cellular Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

A Review of Rigid Polymeric Cellular Foams and Their Greener Tannin-Based Alternatives

et al. 2022

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This review focuses on the description of the main processes and materials used for the formulation of rigid polymer foams. Polyurethanes and their derivatives, as well as phenolic systems, are described, and their main components, foaming routes, end of life, and recycling are considered. Due to environmental concerns and the need to find bio-based alternatives for these products, special attention is given to a recent class of polymeric foams: tannin-based foams. In addition to their formulation and foaming procedures, their main structural, thermal, mechanical, and fire resistance properties are described in detail, with emphasis on their advanced applications and recycling routes. These systems have been shown to possess very interesting properties that allow them to be considered as potential substitutes for non-renewable rigid polymeric cellular foams.

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Section: Rigid Cellular Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Rigid Cellular Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Rigid Cellular Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Rigid Cellular Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Rigid Cellular Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

A Review of Rigid Polymeric Cellular Foams and Their Greener Tannin-Based Alternatives

et al. 2022

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Recent Developments in Biobased Foams and Foam Composites for Construction Applications

DSouza,

Ng,

Charpentier

et al. 2023

ChemBioEng Reviews

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A surge of research into renewable foams has yielded an array of high‐performance polymeric materials, many of which exhibit promising properties for next generation thermal insulating materials. Biobased materials are of particular interest, due to growing concerns towards enhancing the circular economy while reducing fossil fuel dependency in the construction industry. This review outlines recent developments in biobased foams based on biobased polyurethanes (BPU), biobased phenol formaldehyde (BPF) and cellulose nanofibers (CNF) foams. These three areas of polymers are of particular interest due to their early stage of market adoption, yet significant industrial potential. As our focus is on construction materials, we will review their thermal, mechanical, and fire‐retardant performance, their synthesis/fabrication methods and future prospects. Improving the scalability, reproducibility and cost‐effectiveness of their production is vital for successful commercialization adoption.

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Comparison of Toughening Effects of Various Additives on Phenolic Foam

Sarika,

Nancarrow,

Ibrahim

2024

ACS Omega

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Phenolic foams (PFs) are considered excellent insulation materials owing to their flame retardancy and low thermal conductivity. However, their mechanical properties often lag behind those of other polymeric insulation materials. To fully exploit their properties and broaden end-use applications, the mechanical properties of PFs must be enhanced. In this study, various modifications were introduced into the PF matrix with the aim of enhancing its properties. The toughening effects of four additives: urea (U), nano clay (NC), sodium silicate (SS), and lignin (Li) were studied and compared. Changes that occurred in the density, cell morphology, thermal conductivity, compressive strength, and thermal stability after the addition of these fillers were analyzed. Both compressive strength and thermal stability increased with the inclusion of all additives, and the SS-toughened foam shows the biggest improvement. Li and NC addition resulted in a 34% improvement in compressive strength, while SS and U addition displayed increases of 52 and 11%, respectively. SStoughened PF shows greater improvements in all of the important properties compared with those of the other toughened foams. Several PFs were prepared by changing the SS concentration to optimize the formulation, which yielded improvements in properties. The effects of SS concentration on density, thermal conductivity, and compressive strength were studied. The formulation with 0.37% sodium silicate concentration (PF-SS1) shows a 15% improvement in mechanical properties.

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Phenolic-Based Foams: State of the Art, New Challenges, and Opportunities

Cited by 4 publications

References 57 publications

A Review of Rigid Polymeric Cellular Foams and Their Greener Tannin-Based Alternatives

A Review of Rigid Polymeric Cellular Foams and Their Greener Tannin-Based Alternatives

Recent Developments in Biobased Foams and Foam Composites for Construction Applications

Comparison of Toughening Effects of Various Additives on Phenolic Foam

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