Phenolic Characterization of a Purple Maize (Zea mays cv. “Moragro”) by HPLC–QTOF-MS and Study of Its Bioaccessibility Using a Simulated In Vitro Digestion/Caco-2 Culture Model

Abstract

The present work aimed to characterize the phenolic and antioxidant content of the Argentinian purple maize "Moragro" cultivar. Additionally, the INFOGEST simulated in vitro digestion model was used to establish the effect of digestion on bioactive compounds. Finally, digestion samples were used to treat Caco-2 cells in the transwell model to better understand their bioavailability. Twenty-six phenolic compounds were found in purple maize cv. "Moragro", 15 nonanthocyanins and 11 anthocyanins. Several compounds were identified in maize for the first time, such as pyrogallol, citric acid, gallic acid, kaempferol 3-(6″-ferulylglucoside), and kaempferol 3-glucuronide. Anthocyanins accounted for 24.9% of total polyphenols, with the predominant anthocyanin being cyanidin-3-(6″ malonylglucoside). Catechin-(4,8)-cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside and catechin-(4,8)-cyanidin-3malonylglucoside-5-glucoside were detected as characteristics of this American maize variety. Total polyphenol content (TPC; by the Folin−Ciocalteu method), HPLC-DAD/MSMS, and antioxidant activity [by DPPH and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP)] were evaluated throughout in vitro digestion. TPC, DPPH, and FRAP results were 2.71 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/ g, 24 μmol Trolox equiv/g, and 22 μmol Trolox eq/g, respectively. The in vitro digestion process did not cause significant differences in TPC. However, the antioxidant activity was significantly decreased. Moreover, the bioavailability of anthocyanins was studied, showing that a small fraction of polyphenols in their intact form was conserved at the end of digestion. Finally, a protective effect of digested maize polyphenols was observed in the Caco-2 cell viability. The results suggest that "Moragro" purple maize is a good source of bioavailable anthocyanins in the diet and an interesting source of this group of compounds for the food industry.

Black bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. “Tolosa”) polyphenolic composition through cooking and in vitro digestion

“…This observation could be associated with the higher initial concentration of Cy-3-Glu (around 300 μg per g DW) in black maize, which, although affected by digestion (93% reduction), still allowed for the detection of the anthocyanin at the end of the process. 15…”

“…LC-MS emerges as a powerful analytical tool for this endeavor, offering significant advantages over traditional methods. Its high sensitivity and selectivity enable the precise identification and quantification of complex mixtures, 12 such as those found in natural products like grapes, 13 berries or 14 purple maize, 15 among others.…”