Phenolic compositions and antioxidant activities of grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macfadyen) varieties cultivated in China

Abstract

The phenolic compounds in different fruit parts including the flavedos, albedos, segment membranes, juice vesicles and seeds of nine grapefruit varieties cultivated in China were determined and their antioxidant capacities were evaluated using three methods. Naringin and neohesperedin were the dominant flavonoids in all grapefruit tested. Fenghongtangmuxun and Jiwei flavedo had the highest contents of naringin (5666.82 μg/g DW) and neohesperedin (1022 μg/g DW), respectively. Gallic acid was the major phenolic acid in all grapefruit tested, and Jiwei juice vesicles had the highest content of gallic acid (343.7 μg/g DW). Fenghongtangmuxun juice vesicles were rich in chlorogenic acid (110.23 μg/g DW), caffeic acid (53.86 μg/g DW) and ferulic acid (23.12 μg/g DW). Overall, the flavedo was rich in flavonoid, while juice vesicle had high amounts of phenolic acid. The Jiwei, Fenghongtangmuxun, Maxu, Huoyan and Hongmaxu grapefruit cultivars contained more phenolics and exhibited higher antioxidant capacities than Shatianyou and Liangpingyou pummelos, and were good sources of natural phytochemical antioxidants.

Characterization of phenolic profile and antioxidant capacity of different fruit part from lemon (Citrus limon Burm.) cultivars

“…Foyou, while nobiletin and tangeretin were the dominant PMFs in C. paradise cv. Huyou (Sun et al 2013), which was similar with pummelo and grapefruit (Xi et al 2014a(Xi et al , 2015. Nobiletin was the most abundant PMFs in lemon, it ranged from nd to 107.3 lg/g FW, which was significantly higher than the contents reported in wild mandarin and grapefruit (Xi et al 2015;Zhang et al 2014), except for peels, lemon whole fruit, pulp and juice were also good source of sinensetin, nobiletin and tangeretin.…”

“…Similar with orange, ferulic acid is also the most abundant phenolic acid in the peels and pulps of the wild mandarins tested (Zhang et al 2014;Xi et al 2014b). Gallic acid was the major phenolic acid in grapefruit different parts, followed by chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid and ferulic acid (Xi et al 2015). Caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid were the dominant phenolic acid in lemon, followed by gallic acid and ferulic acid, lemon peel and whole fruit contained the richest ferulic acid.…”

“…Our previous result showed that wild mandarin was characterized by highest level of hesperidin (Zhang et al 2014), while sweet orange, tangelo, lemon and lime were characterized by rich hesperidin, didymin and narirutin, naringenin is rich in sour orange (Ooghe et al 1994). Generally, pummelo and grapefruit have a distinct flavanone profile, naringin was the predominant flavanone in pummelo cultivars, whereas naringin and neohesperidin were the principal flavanones in grapefruit (Xi et al 2014a(Xi et al , 2015. The present results showed that hesperidin was the predominant flavanone, followed by hesperetin and eriocitrin, which revealed lemon present unique flavonoids profile in Citrus species.…”

“…In the present study, pulps presented higher DPPH activity than seeds, while had lower ABTS and FRAP activity than seeds, which may be due to the composition of individual phenolic, and proved that lemon seeds are good antioxidant source. Our previous study found that grapefruit seeds had lower antioxidant activity than flavedo, segment membrane, juice vesicle, albedo and seed, which is mainly associated with the level of naringin (Xi et al 2015). Therefore, antioxidant activity of different fruit parts or citrus mainly depended on the composition and content level of individual phenolic, and even their complicated interaction.…”

Supplementation of procyanidins B2 attenuates photooxidation-induced apoptosis in ARPE-19 cells

“…RPE cell apoptosis induced by photooxidative stress can be alleviated by dietary antioxidants. Among these antioxidants, proanthocyanidin-rich grape seed extract, a dietary antioxidant consumed worldwide, provides excellent protection against free radicals (Bagchi et al 2002;Josepa Salvad o et al 2015;Xi et al 2015). Accumulating evidence demonstrates the eye protective effect of grape seed proanthocyanidin.…”