Phenolic Compounds and Saponins in Quinoa Samples (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) Grown under Different Saline and Nonsaline Irrigation Regimens

Abstract

Quinoa is a pseudocereal from South America that has received increased interest around the world because it is a good source of different nutrients and rich in antioxidant compounds. Thus, this study has focused on the effects of different agronomic variables, such as irrigation and salinity, on the phenolic and saponin profiles of quinoa. It was observed that irrigation with 25% of full water restitution, with and without the addition of salt, was associated with increases in free phenolic compounds of 23.16 and 26.27%, respectively. In contrast, bound phenolic compounds were not affected by environmental stresses. Saponins decreased if samples were exposed to drought and saline regimens. In situations of severe water deficit, the saponins content decreased 45%, and 50% when a salt stress was added. The results suggest that irrigation and salinity may regulate the production of bioactive compounds in quinoa, influencing its nutritional and industrial values.

Response surface optimisation of germination conditions to improve the accumulation of bioactive compounds and the antioxidant activity in quinoa

“…Hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic free forms and derivatives have been previously described in different quinoa varieties by other authors (Alvarez‐Jubete et al ., ; Repo‐Carrasco‐Valencia et al ., ; Gómez‐Caravaca et al ., , ; Carciochi et al ., ). These authors identified vanillic glucoside and feruloyl glucoside as hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids, vanillic, p ‐coumaric and ferulic acids as bound acids and flavonols such as kaempferol and quercetin 3‐ O ‐apifuranosyl‐galactopyranoside, kaempferol and quercetin 3‐ O ‐dirhamnosyl‐galactopyranoside, quercetin glucuronide and others.…”

“…These two flavonols (peaks 7 and 14) have been also identified in different quinoa varieties by Gómez‐Caravaca et al . (, ).…”

“…Peak 10 (kaempferol apiofuranosyl rahmnopyranosyl‐galactoside) and peak 12 (kaempferol dirhamnosyl‐galactopyranose) were identified according to mass and UV‐vis characteristics by comparison with those proposed by Gómez‐Caravaca et al . (, ).…”

Evaluation of the Antioxidant Capacity and Phenolic Content of Agriophyllum pungens Seed Extracts from Mongolia

“…Previously, Zhou et al (19) reported the presence of chemical constituents ( p -(acetylamino)phenol, ayamenin A, irisone, and salicin) of the water and ethyl acetate extracts of Agriophyllum squarrosum . Gómez-Caravaca et al (20) reported on the phenolic composition of Chenopodium species. Mirando et al (21) noted the presence of phenolics in quinoa seeds.…”

The Acaricidal Effect of Ethanolic Extracts ofChenopodium quinoaWilld. onTetranychus urticaeKoch (Acari: Tetranychidae)

“…Beyond the saponins and their known effects on various arthropods, the extract components of C. quinoa have not been identified and quantified, and their mode of action is unknown. The identification and quantification of saponins of C. quinoa have been studied in recent years (Woldemichael & Wink 2001;Zhu et al 2002;Kuljanabhagavad & Wink 2009;Gómez-Caravaca et al 2012). Lozano et al (2012) determined that the total amount of saponins in an ethanolic extract obtained from peel grain quinoa was in the range of 47.3 % to 56.0 %.…”