Phenolic Glycosides Citrulluside H and Citrulluside T Isolated From Young Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) Fruit Have Beneficial Effects Against Cutibacterium acnes-Induced Skin Inflammation

Abstract

Acne vulgaris, typically caused by Cutibacterium acnes ( C. acnes) involves chronic inflammation of the sebaceous follicles and is the most common skin disease, afflicting 85% of adolescents. We previously isolated 2 novel phenolic glycosides, 2-caffeoyl-3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyric 4′-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy-3′-hydroxybenzyl ester (citrulluside H [CH]) and 2-caffeoyl-3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyric 4′-β-d-glucopyranosyloxybenzyl ester (citrulluside T [CT]), from young fruits of watermelon ( Citrullus lanatus). Both compounds suppressed UVB-induced photoaging in human fibroblasts by scavenging intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and thus might be useful as natural skin care ingredients. In this study, we examined the inhibitory effects of these phenolic glycosides on C. acnes growth and C.acnes-induced inflammation. Neither phenolic glycoside inhibited the growth of C. acnes. However, they both significantly suppressed toll-like receptor (TLR) 1/2 or TLR2/6/nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling in heat-killed C. acnes (hk- C. acnes) -stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Additionally, both phenolic glycosides decreased the expression of M1 macrophage biomarkers (cluster of differentiation [ CD] 80, CD86, and inducible NO synthase [ iNOS]), suggesting that they attenuate M1 macrophage activation. These results indicated that both CH and CT are potential therapeutic substances against C. acnes-induced skin inflammation.

Exploring the Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Streptomyces sp. EIZ2 Isolated from Moroccan Agricultural Soil

“…In addition, hydroxylamine, O-pentyl-has also been identified in the ethyl acetate extract of strain EIZ2, which showed antimicrobial activity [51]. Moreover, phenolic glycosides like butanoic acid, 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-have been associated with various biological activities, including antioxidant, antimicrobial [55], and anti-herbivore activity [90]. Furthermore, the presence of the ethanol, 2,2'-oxybis-identified in our extract has been previously documented for its diverse biological properties, including antioxidant and antimicrobial activities [54].…”

A major QTL identification and candidate gene analysis of watermelon fruit cracking using QTL-seq and RNA-seq

“…qRT-PCR was performed with three biological and three technical replicates for each candidate gene. Cla97C05G094190 ( GAPDH ) was used as the internal control ( Itoh et al., 2023 ). The primers for qRT-PCR were designed using Primer 5 ( Lalitha, 2000 ) and are listed in Supplementary Table S1 .…”

Combined Effect of Biostimulants and Mineral Fertilizers on Crop Performance and Fruit Quality of Watermelon Plants

“…In particular, most of the tested extracts showed low EC 50 values, which ranged between 27 and 45 µg/mL, while treatments W1-W4 and W6 recorded the lowest activity, without significant differences between them. According to Itoh et al [107], two phenolic glycosides (e.g., citrulluside H and citrulluside T) obtained from young watermelon fruit were effective against skin inflammation induced by Cutibacterium acnes. In another study, Rafi et al [108] reported that lycopene may inhibit inflammation in RAW 264.7 cell lines and suggested that fruits that are rich in lycopene could be useful as anti-inflammatory agents.…”