Phenolic resin/coal char composites: Curing kinetics and thermal/mechanical performance

Zanjanijam, Ali Reza; Wang, Xinyan; Ramezani, Maryam; Holberg, Stefan; Johnson, Patrick A.

doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2023.126103

Cited by 11 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…The results showed that the compressive strength decreased to 6.4 MPa as the porosity increased to 61.7%. It should be noted that the stable cross-linked network structure formed by phenolic resin can also benefit compressive strength development of the geopolymer [34], but the compressive strength is negatively correlated to the porosity since the addition of thermal insulation modifying agents may induce the generation of pores. Hence, the pores can trigger stress concentration under loading and lead to a decrease in compressive strength [25].…”

Section: Compressive Strength Results Of Geopolymer Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

On Thermal Insulation Properties of Various Foaming Materials Modified Fly Ash Based Geopolymers

Ji,

Ren,

et al. 2023

Polymers

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Geopolymers can be used as a thermally insulated material because of their considerable porosity, whereas the combined effect of various modifying agents on their heat-insulating properties remains unexplored. Here, orthogonal experiments were carried out to evaluate the thermal insulation performance of fly ash geopolymer modified by phenolic resin, silica aerogel, and hydrogen peroxide. Moreover, variance analysis and range analysis were applied to estimate the influence of modifying agents on the thermal insulation performance of the geopolymer. The results demonstrate that the thermal conductivity of fly ash geopolymer significantly reduces (from 0.48 W/m·K to 0.12 W/m·K) due to the combined effect of the three modifying agents. Based on the variance analysis and range analysis, the optimum thermal conductivity ultimately reaches 0.08 W/m·K via a best composition scheme of the three modifying agents. Moreover, phenolic resin can facilitate the formation of a network structure and increase the porosity of micron pores (>1 μm). Hydrogen peroxide can be decomposed into O2 in an alkaline environment and leave large-diameter pores (>1 μm) during curing. Some silica aerogel is embedded in the geopolymer matrix as microspheres with extremely low thermal conductivity, whereas the rest of the silica aerogel may react with the alkali activator to form water, and subsequently leaves pores (>1 μm) after evaporation of water during the curing. In addition, a newly modified Maxwell–Euchen model using iterative calculation and considering the Knudsen effect (pores of micron or even nanometer scale) is proposed and validated by the experimental data. The foamed geopolymer in this research can be used as a reference for building insulation layer design. This research unravels phenolic resin-, silica aerogel-, and hydrogen peroxide-influenced thermal insulation mechanisms of geopolymer that may have impacts on deployment of a thermally insulating material in the construction field.

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Section: Compressive Strength Results Of Geopolymer Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

On Thermal Insulation Properties of Various Foaming Materials Modified Fly Ash Based Geopolymers

Ji,

Ren,

et al. 2023

Polymers

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“…To explore the influence of ZrSi 2 on the curing process of phenolic resin, the Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra of cured phenolic materials [20] with different ZrSi 2 contents were analysed with a Nicolet iS50 FT-IR spectrometer device, and the results are shown in figure 2.…”

Section: Influence Of Zrsi 2 On the Curing Process Of Phenolic Resinmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of ZrSi₂ on the ablation and insulation performances of low-density carbon-phenolic composites

Chen,

Huang,

Wang

et al. 2024

Mater. Res. Express

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Carbon-phenolic (C-Ph) composites are typical ablative thermal protection materials. Excellent ablation and insulation performance indicate a decreased thickness of the thermal shield. Thus, ZrSi2 particles were introduced to improve the performance of the low-density C-Ph composite. An oxyacetylene flame torch was used to examine the ablation and insulating characteristics. The curing process of the matrix resin was not affected by ZrSi2. The thermal conductivities of the composites with different ZrSi2 contents ranged from 0.219~0.254 W/K·m. A continuous but not very compact cover was formed on the ablating surface of the C-Ph composite with 10% ZrSi2, which limited the escape of the charred matrix. The passageways for the gaseous products of the charring phenolic compounds were also not impeded by this cover. The C-Ph composite with 10% ZrSi2 exhibited the lowest linear loss rate (0.0081 mm/s) and the best heat insulating performance.

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“…Lee et al [ 16 ] obtained the kinetic parameters of 3501-6 resin by DSC. Zanjanijam [ 17 ] studied the curing kinetics of phenolic resin/coal coke composites.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three-Dimensional Thermo–Chemo–Mechanical Coupled Curing Analysis for the Filament Wound Composite Shell

Lu,

Huan,

et al. 2024

Polymers

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Carbon fiber resin-based composite materials are widely employed in the manufacturing of composite shells. During the curing process, the temperature gradients and cure degree gradients make it easy to generate thermal strains in both carbon fibers and resin, with the resin experiencing cure shrinkage strain due to the curing reaction, ultimately leading to residual stresses and strains. In this paper, a three-dimensional thermo–chemo–mechanical coupled curing model of the composite shell was established based on a resin test, and the changes of temperature, curing degree, residual stress, and strain during the solidification of the composite shell were investigated. First, the curing property parameters and elastic modulus of HCM-2184 resin were obtained through a curing dynamic test and a tensile test. Then, considering the heat release and shrinkage reaction of solidification, a coupled thermo–chemo–mechanical curing model was developed with the CHILE (α) elastic model, and the curing process of the composite shell was simulated numerically. The results show that the resin used in the test belongs to the autocatalytic reaction. For thin composite shells, the heat accumulation inside the shell during curing is not obvious. During the curing process, the curing shrinkage behavior of the resin is an important factor for the generation of residual stress and residual strain.

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Phenolic resin/coal char composites: Curing kinetics and thermal/mechanical performance

Cited by 11 publications

References 41 publications

On Thermal Insulation Properties of Various Foaming Materials Modified Fly Ash Based Geopolymers

On Thermal Insulation Properties of Various Foaming Materials Modified Fly Ash Based Geopolymers

The effects of ZrSi₂ on the ablation and insulation performances of low-density carbon-phenolic composites

Three-Dimensional Thermo–Chemo–Mechanical Coupled Curing Analysis for the Filament Wound Composite Shell

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Phenolic resin/coal char composites: Curing kinetics and thermal/mechanical performance

Cited by 11 publications

References 41 publications

On Thermal Insulation Properties of Various Foaming Materials Modified Fly Ash Based Geopolymers

On Thermal Insulation Properties of Various Foaming Materials Modified Fly Ash Based Geopolymers

The effects of ZrSi2 on the ablation and insulation performances of low-density carbon-phenolic composites

Three-Dimensional Thermo–Chemo–Mechanical Coupled Curing Analysis for the Filament Wound Composite Shell

Contact Info

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The effects of ZrSi₂ on the ablation and insulation performances of low-density carbon-phenolic composites