Phenolic Resins: A Century of Progress

Pilato, Louis A.

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-04714-5

Cited by 265 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 93 publications

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“…After this point, the two resins were no longer watersoluble. This observation confirmed the results of earlier studies and underlined the fact that the reaction of formaldehyde in the aromatic cycle is faster than hydroxymethylphenol condensation to form oligomers (Mansouri 2007;Pilato 2010).…”

Section: Influence Of Reaction Time On the Consumption Of Formaldehydesupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Resoles are basecatalysed resins in which formaldehyde is in excess. Because of their good mechanical properties, durability, and high water resistance (Gardziella et al 1985;Pilato 2010) they are used in wood manufacturing and in particular, in exterior grade wood-based composites (Ibeh 1999). As ecological factors are being taken into consideration more often, phenol, because of its toxicity and its carcinogenic effect, is being replaced by green-products such as lignins in bio-based resins.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Organosolv Wheat Straw Lignin as a Phenol Substitute for Green Phenolic Resins

Tachon¹,

Benjelloun-Mlayah²,

Delmas³

2016

BioResources

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Organosolv wheat straw lignin extracted using the CIMV process TM is a linear, low molecular weight, and natural phenolic oligomer. In this study, organosolv wheat straw lignin was tested as a substitute for 50% to 70% of the phenol in a phenol-formaldehyde-resol resin. The lignin was used without any chemical modification in a one-step synthesis reaction. Parameters such as reaction time and formaldehyde-to-phenol sources (phenol + lignin) mass ratios were optimized to achieve the requirements for industrial wood adhesives in terms of pH, viscosity, and dry matter. For the first time, the formaldehyde ratio was studied in order to reduce resin residual free formaldehyde below 1%. Lignin-phenol-formaldehyde resins were successfully synthesized up to a phenol substitution rate of 70% and showed physico-chemical properties close to standard phenolformaldehyde resins. The thermo-mechanical properties analyzed in dynamic load thermo mechanical analysis were similar to those of the reference resins. Plywood panels manufactured using these lignin-based resins reached the specifications for industrial panels according to the French standard for exterior plywood panels. Moreover, the formaldehyde content of these plywoods was low enough to satisfy even the most rigorous legislation.

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Section: Influence Of Reaction Time On the Consumption Of Formaldehydesupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organosolv Wheat Straw Lignin as a Phenol Substitute for Green Phenolic Resins

Tachon¹,

Benjelloun-Mlayah²,

Delmas³

2016

BioResources

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The absorbance peak at 1020 cm -1 decreased with decreases in the conditioning RHs of the wood sample. The decrease in absorbance at 1020 cm -1 , which corresponds to the hydroxymethyl C-O stretch of PF resin, probably occurred by polymerization (curing) of the PF resin due to dehydration (Poljanšek and Krajnc 2005;Valdez and Nagy 2010). The result indicates that the existence of water during the extrusion process disturbed the polymerization of the PF resin or promoted the degradation of the PF resin (Lorenz and Christiansen 1995).…”

Section: Mechanical Properties Of the Extrudatementioning

confidence: 96%

Extrusion of Solid Wood Impregnated with Phenol Formaldehyde (PF) Resin: Effect of Resin Content and Moisture Content on Extrudability and Mechanical Properties of Extrudate

et al. 2016

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A new deformation technique of wood flow forming is promising for industrial uses of solid wood. Flow deformability, size stability, and good mechanical properties were obtained by using wood impregnated with low molecular weight phenol formaldehyde (PF) resin. In this study, to clarify the effect of the PF resin and moisture contents in wood on the flow deformability (extrudability) and the mechanical properties of the product (extrudate), a lateral extrusion was conducted by using wood impregnated with various contents of PF resin and three levels of moisture content. The results indicated that the extrudability of wood impregnated with PF resin improved with an increase in both PF resin and moisture content. The mechanical properties of the extrudate worsened with increases in the moisture content of the wood impregnated with PF resin. Because most of the water in the wood remained in the mold during the extrusion process, chemical changes of the wood substance and PF resin occurred due to steam forming under the high temperature and pressure of the extrusion. The steam worsened the mechanical properties of the extrudate.

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“…Results showed tensile strength Table 3. Physical and mechanical properties of the major thermoplastic and thermoset polymers used as matrices of natural composites [3,193,194,[195][196][197][198] . [3] .…”

Section: Lignocellulosic Fibers/thermoset Matrices Compositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vegetal fibers in polymeric composites: a review

et al. 2015

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RbstractThe need to develop and commercialize materials containing vegetal fibers has grown in order to reduce environmental impact and reach sustainability. Large amounts of lignocellulosic materials are generated around the world from several human activities. The lignocellulosic materials are composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, extractives and ashes. Recently these constituents have been used in different applications; in particular, cellulose has been the subject of numerous works on the development of composite materials reinforced with natural fibers. Many studies have led to composite materials reinforced with fibers to improve the mechanical, physical, and thermal properties. Furthermore, lignocellulosic materials have been treated to apply in innovative solutions for efficient and sustainable systems. This paper aims to review the lignocellulosic fibers characteristics, as well as to present their applications as reinforcement in composites of different polymeric matrices.

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Phenolic Resins: A Century of Progress

Cited by 265 publications

References 93 publications

Organosolv Wheat Straw Lignin as a Phenol Substitute for Green Phenolic Resins

Organosolv Wheat Straw Lignin as a Phenol Substitute for Green Phenolic Resins

Extrusion of Solid Wood Impregnated with Phenol Formaldehyde (PF) Resin: Effect of Resin Content and Moisture Content on Extrudability and Mechanical Properties of Extrudate

Vegetal fibers in polymeric composites: a review

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