Phenological growth stages of the golden penda tree (Xanthostemon chrysanthus)

Abstract

Biologishe Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt and CHemical Industry (BBCH) scales are a system for the uniform coding of phenologically similar growth stages of plants, using a two-digit decimal code. This paper describes the phenological growth stages of a landscape tree, Xanthostemon chrysanthus using the BBCH-scale. Detailed descriptions of principal growth stages for bud, leaf and shoot development, inflorescence emergence, flowering, fruit development, maturity or ripening of fruit and seed, and other secondary growth stages are provided. The developed scale will be of great help to landscape managers and researchers for better communication, more efficient planning of management practices and experiments of flowering trees.

Phenological growth stages of shea tree (Vitellaria paradoxa subsp. paradoxa) according to the BBCH scale

“…The number of principal growth stages based on the two‐digit BBCH scale identified in shea tree is similar to those found in persimmon (Guan et al, 2021) and moringa (Singh et al, 2021) but higher than that of some plants. Indeed, seven stages have been identified in mango (Delgado et al, 2011), golden penda (Ahmad Nazarudin et al, 2012), avocado (Alcaraz et al, 2013) and cashew (Adiga et al, 2019).…”

“…Forty‐three secondary growth stages were described and coded in shea tree compared to 26 in golden penda (Ahmad Nazarudin et al, 2012), 33 in persimmon (Guan et al, 2021), 35 in avocado (Alcaraz et al, 2013), 37 in cashew (Adiga et al, 2019) and 59 in mango (Delgado et al, 2011). This shows the flexibility of the BBCH scale to be adapted to crop‐specific stages.…”

Development in Origanum ssp.: A simple phenological scale to determine thermal time requirements to critical reproductive events

“…Predicting the critical moments of a crop based on chronological time is not accurate because the length of phenophases is regulated by environmental factors, such as temperature and photoperiod (Ahmad Nazarudin et al, 2012). Therefore, determining phenology requires using models based on thermal time, i.e., accumulation of degree days ( • Cd).…”