Phenology and Spatial Pattern ofTyphaea stercorea(Coleoptera: Mycetophagidae) Infesting Stored Grain: Estimation by Pitfall Trapping

Abstract

The hairy fungus beetle, Typhaea stercorea (L.), occurs frequently in stored grain, often in large numbers. Populations infesting stored barley in Minnesota, corn in South Carolina, and wheat in Florida were sampled by means of grain probe traps. Spatial distribution of the species was examined by contour analysis of trap catch. In South Carolina, corn was sampled at 2 locations over 2 storage seasons, and temperature, moisture content, and malathion residues were measured. These data were used to examine phenology as well as spatial distribution, and showed peak trap catch shortly after harvest in the fall, and in the spring. This pattern followed seasonal changes in grain temperature, but there was no apparent relationship of trap catch to either grain moisture content or malathion residue. The populations of T. stercorea were not distributed randomly, but were largely concentrated in 1 or very few aggregations associated with the "spoutline," a region high in foreign material and broken grain that forms near the center of a bin as it is loaded. However, the spatial patterns were dynamic, even on a very small time scale (week to week). Numbers of insects in aggregations rose and fell, the areas involved expanded and contracted, the centers shifted, and secondary centers appeared and disappeared. These changes were apparently in response to changing patterns of grain temperature and moisture content. Secondary centers of aggregation often formed in warmer grain along bin walls.

Abundance of Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) and Cadra cautella (Walker) infesting maize stored on South Carolina farms: seasonal and non-seasonal variation

“…Grain temperature and temperature in the head space of the bins were measured and recorded by means of TP10 thermistor probes and an Easy Logger Field Unit (Model FA-110, Omnidata, Logan, UT) as described by Arbogast et al (2000). Temperature was measured every 10 min, and hourly averages were recorded on a data storage module (Omnidata DSM 100) for later downloading to computer storage.…”

“…Furthermore, data reported by Arbogast et al (2000) showed that malathion residues on farm-stored corn in South Carolina decline exponentially throughout the storage season. Thus, maximum growth of the moth populations occurred when malathion levels were at their highest.…”

Metodologia alternativa para coleta de insetos (Arthropoda) terrestres e redescrição e novos registros de Ontholestes brasilianus Bernhauer, 1906 (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) para a América do Sul

“…Para cada grupo de organismo, utiliza-se de um método diferente de captura ao qual se enquadre melhor na atratividade do grupo desejado (Almeida et al, 1998). Armadilhas de queda, por exemplo, são amplamente utilizadas para coleta passiva de animais terrestres, tais como Isoposa (Paoletti & Hassall, 1999;Hornung et al, 2007), Diplopoda (Kime, 1997;Snyder et al, 2006), Chilopoda (Adis, 1992;Shear & Peck, 1992;Voigtlander, 2003), Araneae (Koponen, 1992;Bauchhenss, 1995;Buddle, et al, 2000) e Coleoptera (Epstein & Kulman, 1990;Simmons et al, 1998;Arbogast et al, 2000;Martínez et al, 2009;Anlas et al, 2011;Thakare et al, 2011;Costa-Silva et al, 2014), além de anfíbios, répteis e até pequenos mamíferos (e.g. Semlitsch et al, 1981;Mengak & Guynn, 1987;Williams & Braun, 1983;Ellis, 2013).…”

“…Armadilhas de queda, citadas pela primeira vez há mais de 110 anos (Dahl, 1896), foram desenvolvidas para a coleta de insetos cujos hábitos de forrageamento se caracterizam pelo deslocamento contínuo sobre o solo à procura de recursos alimentares (Danchin et al, 2008). Têm sido frequentemente empregadas para coleta passiva de insetos terrestres, mais comumente formigas e besouros, além de outros artrópodes tais como aranhas (Bestelmeyer et al, 2000;Southwood & Henderson, 2000;Arbogast et al, 2000;. Ao longo de décadas, diferentes tipos de materiais foram empregados para confecção deste tipo de armadilha, dentre os quais o metal , o vidro e o plástico .…”