Phenology as a strategy for carbon optimality: a global model

Caldararu, Silvia; Purves, Drew W.; Palmer, Paul I.

doi:10.5194/bg-11-763-2014

Cited by 65 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…This remains one of the least well modelled aspects of the land surface (Keenan et al, 2014). One promising avenue of development considers the biologically adaptive nature of phenology (Caldararu et al, 2014), leading to the idea of biologically optimized control of leaf flushing and senescence.…”

Section: Evolution Of Land-surface Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reliable, robust and realistic: the three R's of next-generation land-surface modelling

et al. 2015

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Abstract. Land-surface models (LSMs) are increasingly called upon to represent not only the exchanges of energy, water and momentum across the land-atmosphere interface (their original purpose in climate models), but also how ecosystems and water resources respond to climate, atmospheric environment, land-use and land-use change, and how these responses in turn influence land-atmosphere fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), trace gases and other species that affect the composition and chemistry of the atmosphere. However, the LSMs embedded in state-of-the-art climate models differ in how they represent fundamental aspects of the hydrological and carbon cycles, resulting in large inter-model differences and sometimes faulty predictions. These "thirdgeneration" LSMs respect the close coupling of the carbon and water cycles through plants, but otherwise tend to be under-constrained, and have not taken full advantage of robust hydrological parameterizations that were independently developed in offline models. Benchmarking, combining multiple sources of atmospheric, biospheric and hydrological data, should be a required component of LSM development, but this field has been relatively poorly supported and intermittently pursued. Moreover, benchmarking alone is not sufficient to ensure that models improve. Increasing complexity may increase realism but decrease reliability and robustness, by increasing the number of poorly known model parameters. In contrast, simplifying the representation of complex processes by stochastic parameterization (the representation of unresolved processes by statistical distributions of values) has been shown to improve model reliability and realism in both atmospheric and land-surface modelling contexts. We provide examples for important processes in hydrology (the generation of runoff and flow routing in heterogeneous catchments) and biology (carbon uptake by speciesdiverse ecosystems). We propose that the way forward for next-generation complex LSMs will include: (a) representations of biological and hydrological processes based on the implementation of multiple internal constraints; (b) systematic application of benchmarking and data assimilation techniques to optimize parameter values and thereby test the structural adequacy of models; and (c) stochastic parameterization of unresolved variability, applied in both the hydrological and the biological domains.

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Section: Evolution Of Land-surface Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reliable, robust and realistic: the three R's of next-generation land-surface modelling

et al. 2015

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“…The new system was obtained of equations of material balance. On the new set of the system ingredients made the next iteration of (10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The properties and structure of water solution are the function of its chemical equilibrium [11,13,20,21,31]. The higher is ionic strength of solution, the more ions pass to the form of ions associates (1,56,82,99].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ion’s Association in Soil Solution among the Drivers of Biogeosystem Dynamics

Endovitsky¹,

Andreev²,

Minkina³

et al. 2015

Biogeosystem Technique

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Biogeosystem change is linked to ion's association in soil solution. The concern of carbon sequestration problem is a soil as carbon sink drain. The carbonate calcium equilibrium (CCE) in soil solutions is important to characterize the degree soil solutions saturation with CaCO3 as a factor of terrestrial system carbonate geochemical cycle. CCE depends on the state of the chemical composition, pH, Eh, buffering properties of soil liquid phase, dissolution, migration, precipitation of carbonates in the soil profile and landscape, ion exchange processes at the interface of solid and liquid phases. At high ionic force in soil solution are formed electrically neutral ion pairs СаСО3°; CaSO4°, MgCO3°, MgSO4°, charged ion pairs CaHCO3 + , MgHCO3 + , NaCO3 -, NaSO4 -, CaOH + , MgOH + .The object of research -Southern Russia; saline chestnut soil, dry steppe zone; non-saline chernozem, steppe zone. The soil solution was extracted from soil layers 0-150 cm. Composition of soil solution was determined using standard analytical methods. The soil system is the object of mathematical thermodynamic modeling, because it is impossible to remove the solution from dry soil, on the other hand, the extraction of solution change the chemical equilibrium in solution. The approach to soil disperse system model is proposed as a discreet partially insulated form one another microwater-basins on the internal surfaces of soil. This approach gives a new understanding of water-salt transfer, geochemical barrier functions and ecological properties of soil.On the basis of CCE algorithm, the computer programs were developed to calculate the real equilibrium ion forms and determine the nature of carbonate-calcium balance in the soil solution. The mathematical model shows the real state of associated ions at different ionic strength of low saline and saline soil solution. The concentration of free and associated macro-ion forms were calculated in iteration procedure according analytical ion concentration considering ion material balance, linear interpolation of equilibrium constants, method of ionic pairs, laws of: initial Biogeosystem Technique, 2015, Vol.(5), Is. 3 268 concentration preservation, operating masses of equilibrium system. Concentration constants of ion pairs dissociation were calculated following the law of operating masses. Were determined the quantity of ion free form and coefficient of ion association γe as a ratio of ions free form to its analytical contents e ass an C / C  . The association of ions is higher in saline soil layers. Depending on composition and ionic force c of soil solution in the form of ionic pairs

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“…There are significant uncertainties in understanding the role of soil mineral and organic carbon deposits in the global C cycle and its models (Z. and biogeochemical cycles (Caldararu et al, 2014).…”

Section: A-m a Batukaev Et Al: Ion Association In Water Solution mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ion association in water solution of soil and vadose zone of chestnut saline solonetz as a driver of terrestrial carbon sink

Batukaev

Endovitsky²,

Andreev³

et al. 2016

Solid Earth

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Abstract. The assessment of soil and vadose zone as the drains for carbon sink and proper modeling of the effects and extremes of biogeochemical cycles in the terrestrial biosphere are the key components to understanding the carbon cycle, global climate system, and aquatic and terrestrial system uncertainties. Calcium carbonate equilibrium causes saturation of solution with CaCO 3 , and it determines its material composition, migration and accumulation of salts. In a solution electrically neutral ion pairs are formed: CaCO 0 3 , CaSO 0 4 , MgCO 0 3 , and MgSO 0 4 , as well as charged ion pairs CaHCO, CaOH + , and MgOH + . The calcium carbonate equilibrium algorithm, mathematical model and original software to calculate the real equilibrium forms of ions and to determine the nature of calcium carbonate balance in a solution were developed. This approach conducts the quantitative assessment of real ion forms of solution in solonetz soil and vadose zone of dry steppe taking into account the ion association at high ionic strength of saline soil solution. The concentrations of free and associated ion form were calculated according to analytical ion concentration in real solution. In the iteration procedure, the equations were used to find the following: ion material balance, a linear interpolation of equilibrium constants, a method of ionic pairs, the laws of initial concentration preservation, operating masses of equilibrium system, and the concentration constants of ion pair dissociation. The coefficient of ion association γ e was determined as the ratio of ions free form to analytical content of ion γ e = C ass /C an . Depending on soil and vadose zone layer, concentration and composition of solution in the ionic pair's form are 11-52 % Ca 2+ ; 22.2-54.6 % Mg 2+ ;1.1-10.5 % Na + ; 3.7-23.8 HCO 3 . The carbonate system of soil and vadose zone water solution helps to explain the evolution of salted soils, vadose and saturation zones, and landscape. It also helps to improve the soil maintenance, plant nutrition and irrigation.The association of ions in soil solutions is one of the drivers promoting transformation of solution, excessive fluxes of carbon in the soil, and loss of carbon from soil through vadose zone.

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Phenology as a strategy for carbon optimality: a global model

Cited by 65 publications

References 51 publications

Reliable, robust and realistic: the three R's of next-generation land-surface modelling

Reliable, robust and realistic: the three R's of next-generation land-surface modelling

Ion’s Association in Soil Solution among the Drivers of Biogeosystem Dynamics

Ion association in water solution of soil and vadose zone of chestnut saline solonetz as a driver of terrestrial carbon sink

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