Phenology, Crop Stand, and Dry Matter Production of Wheat in Response to Beneficial Microbes and Organic Matter Sources

Abstract

Adding organic matter to soil proved an efficient strategy for restoring soil fertility and improving crop dry matter – an indicator of yield potential. In this regard, evaluating the sources of organic matter (OM) (control, poultry manure [PM], farmyard manure [FYM], compost, and mungbean residues [MR]) to provide 120 kg N ha-1 and effective microbes (EM) (0, 100, 200, and 300 L ton-1 of OM) as 2% solution proceeded in field conditions during 2017–2019. The sowing of wheat seeds (cv. Pirsabak 2015) at 120 kg ha-1 took place in the field using RCB design with four replications. Results showed that PM/FYM had delayed the phenology and improved the biomass-related parameters, dry matter (DM) accumulation, and crop growth rate (CGR) more than compost and MR. However, the results were more pronounced when applied with 300 L EM ton-1 of OM from the PM. The maximum DM (55%) accumulation in plant parts occurred beyond 100 days after sowing (DAS). A marked increase in DM and CGR beyond 60 DAS and a reduction in CGR beyond 120 DAS appeared irrespective of treatments. In the case of EM, the 300 L ton-1 revealed superior in terms of growth, DM accumulation, CGR, and delayed phenology. Structural equation modeling suggested that DM production gained a direct effect from crop phenology (46.1%) and crop stand (30.4%) but no indirect effect from crop growth (24.8%). In conclusion, the 300 L EM ton-1 of OM applied to PM or FYM had improved the crop stand, development, and DM production in wheat.

Biochar and Farm Yard Manure Synergy: Enhancing Soil Health and Mitigating Climate Change Impacts in Cotton Production

“…Additionally, biochar can enhance microbial activity, providing the habitat for microbes (Palansooriya et al 2019). FYM, on the other hand, provides a direct source of organic matter to the soil (Khan et al 2023), enriching it with readily decomposable materials and nutrients that support microbial communities and organic carbon accumulation (Leuther et al 2022). The synergistic effect observed in the Biochar + FYM treatment suggests that the combination of these amendments enhances their individual contributions to carbon sequestration.…”

Use of Cytokinins and Composting to Improve the Agronomic and Physiological Traits of Caigua (Cyclanthera Pedata L.)

“…The research demonstrated that for better crop growth and net return, farmers could apply organic compost to their lands for about USD 4.50 per hectare, compared with spending USD 17 per hectare on synthetic fertilizers (Oluoch-Kosura et al, 2004). Other products that promote optimal plant growth, strengthen them against environmental stressors and boost their production can also replace expensive chemical fertilizers (Zubkova et al, 2022;Khan et al, 2023;Bastaubayeva et al, 2023). For that, a natural alternative is the cytokinin-based bio-stimulant obtained from plant extracts that contain nitrogen, phosphorus, and other elements, which can easily promote the growth and development of shoots, flowers, roots, and other organs (Grzegorczyk-Karolak et al, 2021;De-Góes et al, 2021).…”