Phenothiazine: the seven lives of pharmacology's first lead structure

Reversing the Warburg Effect as a Treatment for Glioblastoma

“…Methylene blue (MB), synthesized in 1876, has been in clinical application for more than a century in diagnostic procedures and as a treatment of multiple disorders such as methemoglobinemia, malaria, ifosfamide neurotoxicity, and cyanide poisoning (10,11). There is mounting evidence that MB enhances brain metabolism and exerts neuroprotective effects in multiple neurodegenerative disease models including Parkinson, Alzheimer, and Huntington disease (12)(13)(14)(15)(16).…”

Evaluation of the Anti-<i>Trypanosoma Cruzi</i> Effects of the Antipsychotic Drug Levomepromazine

“…As mentioned, phenotiazines are compounds that belong to a large family of molecules with increasing prospects for neuropathology therapy, cancer, immunomodulation and infections [2,3]. As T. cruzi circulates throughout different environments (different regions of the digestive tube in the insect vector, or intra-and extracellular medium in the mammalian host), it is naturally exposed to several stresses in its life cycle [24].…”

“…Phenothiazines, which consist of a sulphur-containing tricyclic organic compound with the formula S(C 6 H 4 ) 2 NH, with side chains bound to the middle ring, have been commonly used psychotropic drugs since the 1950s. This family of compounds became well known and has been prescribed up to the present because of their antipsychotic effects [3]. Their action as dopamine blockers at D 2 receptors and their neuroleptic activity has been well documented in the literature [4][5][6][7].…”

The Accepted “Clinical Interaction Model”: A Special Case of Reality

“…Yes [62][63][64][65][66] Can the synergy between psychotherapeutics and "classical" antibiotics/chemotherapeutics be expoited (for example to reduce the dose)? Yes [53,56,[67][68][69] Can new antibiotics be developed from the already known non-antibiotics Yes [19,54,55,64,[70][71][72][73][74] Can "purer" drugs be developed by utilizing stereo-specificity? Up until 1985, 85% of all drugs were mixtures Yes [71,72,75,[76][77][78] Will this polypharmacy have any influence on the pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics of clinical treatment for the patient/host Yes [60,75,[79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86] up until now, have not been able to treat.…”