Phenothiazines

Dougherty, M.M.; Marraffa, J.M.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-386454-3.00769-7

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Most phenothiazines are swiftly absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract, undergo hepatic metabolism, and are excreted in the bile and urine. Blood concentrations typically peak 2-4 h after oral intake (8). Phenothiazines are highly liposoluble, with substantial distribution volumes and high protein binding rates.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polypharmacy-related Shock Symptoms and Complications Associated with Phenothiazine

Nakamura,

Masuda,

Oda

et al. 2024

Intern. Med.

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This report describes a case of shock symptoms in a 72-year-old woman with epilepsy who had been in a state of polypharmacy, taking multiple antipsychotic drugs. After receiving a normal dose of periciazine, she exhibited impaired consciousness, hypothermia, and hypotension and was admitted to hospital. Despite poor response to vasopressors, conservative treatment led to gradual improvement. Subsequent pharmacokinetic analysis showed non-toxic blood concentrations of periciazine, suggesting that even small doses of phenothiazines could result in toxic symptoms. This case highlights the importance of monitoring for adverse reactions when prescribing multiple antipsychotic drugs, particularly in older polypharmacy patients.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polypharmacy-related Shock Symptoms and Complications Associated with Phenothiazine

Nakamura,

Masuda,

Oda

et al. 2024

Intern. Med.

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“…For example, 3,7-dibromo-(11H) and 1,3,7,9-tetrachloro-phenothiazines (11I) Compounds 11H and 11I were metabolically stable and showed synergism with rifampin but may be hepatoxic only at high concentrations. Typically, phenothiazines are not used as anti-infective agents because of their effects on the central nervous system (Dougherty and Marraffa, 2014). However, halogenated phenothiazines showed lower affinities for central nervous system receptors, and could probably alleviate side effects (Fig.…”

Section: Phenothiazinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Halogenated Antimicrobial Agents to Combat Drug-Resistant Pathogens

Faleye,

Boya,

Lee

et al. 2024

Pharmacological Reviews

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Antimicrobial resistance presents us with a potential global crisis as it undermines the abilities of conventional antibiotics to combat pathogenic microbes. The history of antimicrobial agents is replete with examples of scaffolds containing halogens. In this review, we discuss the impacts of halogen atoms in various antibiotic types and antimicrobial scaffolds and their modes of action, structure-activity relationships, and the contributions of halogen atoms in antimicrobial activity and drug resistance. Other halogenated molecules, including carbohydrates, peptides, lipids, and polymeric complexes, are also reviewed, and the effects of halogenated scaffolds on pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and factors affecting antimicrobial and antivirulence activities are presented. Furthermore, the potential of halogenation to circumvent antimicrobial resistance and rejuvenate impotent antibiotics is addressed. This review provides an overview of the significance of halogenation, the abilities of halogens to interact in biomolecular settings and enhance pharmacological properties, and their potential therapeutic usages in preventing a post-antibiotic era. Significance StatementAntimicrobial resistance and the increasing impotence of antibiotics are critical threats to global health. The roles and importance of halogen atoms in antimicrobial drug scaffolds have been established, but comparatively little is known of their pharmacological impacts on drug resistance and antivirulence activities. This review is the first to extensively evaluate the roles of halogen atoms in various antibiotic classes and pharmacological scaffolds and to provide an overview of their abilities to overcome antimicrobial resistance.

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“…Low-dose promethazine (6.25 mg) has been shown to have anti-emetic effects comparable to 4 mg ondansetron but superior vertigo suppression abilities [ 42 , 55 ]. Phenothiazides are also linked to peripheral adrenergic receptor blockade and quinidine-like cardiac effects, along with lowering seizure thresholds [ 56 ]. Sedation, coma, hypotension, extrapyramidal symptoms, and cardiac arrhythmias are the most prevalent clinical indicators of toxicity, in addition to anticholinergic side effects [ 56 ].…”

Section: Symptomatic Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite the fact that previously mentioned drugs such as meclizine and promethazine have anti-emetic activities, administration of dopaminergic antagonists may also be beneficial [57]. Metoclopramide, domperidone, and droperidol are anti-emetic medications that can be used to alleviate neurovegetative symptoms in AUV [58][59][60][61], although they can cause extrapyramidal signs and QT prolongation [56]. While metoclopramide and domperidone do not appear to be true vestibular suppressants, droperidol's nervous system activity was revealed through its use in anesthesia [59,61], with both droperidol and droperidol+fentanyl suppressing vestibular symptoms and being effective in the management of vestibular disease [59,61].…”

Section: Antidopaminergicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmacological Treatment of Acute Unilateral Vestibulopathy: A Review

Sousa,

Alves,

Pinto

et al. 2024

J Audiol Otol

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There have been few investigations on the epidemiology, etiology, and medical management of acute unilateral vestibulopathy (AUV). Short-term pharmaceutical resolutions include vestibular symptomatic suppressants, anti-emetics, and some cause-based therapies. Anticholinergics, phenothiazines, antihistamines, antidopaminergics, benzodiazepines, and calcium channel antagonists are examples of vestibular suppressants. Some of these medications may show their effects through multiple mechanisms. In contrast, N-acetyl-L-leucine, Ginkgo biloba, and betahistine improve central vestibular compensation. Currently, AUV pathophysiology is poorly understood. Diverse hypotheses have previously been identified which have brought about some causal treatments presently used. According to some publications, acute administration of anti-inflammatory medications may have a deleterious impact on both post-lesional functional recovery and endogenous adaptive plasticity processes. Thus, some authors do not recommend the use of corticosteroids in AUV. Antivirals are even more contentious in the context of AUV treatment. Although vascular theories have been presented, no verified investigations employing anti-clotting or vasodilator medications have been conducted. There are no standardized treatment protocols for AUV to date, and the pharmacological treatment of AUV is still questionable. This review addresses the most current developments and controversies in AUV medical treatment.

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Phenothiazines

Cited by 9 publications

References 7 publications

Polypharmacy-related Shock Symptoms and Complications Associated with Phenothiazine

Polypharmacy-related Shock Symptoms and Complications Associated with Phenothiazine

Halogenated Antimicrobial Agents to Combat Drug-Resistant Pathogens

Pharmacological Treatment of Acute Unilateral Vestibulopathy: A Review

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