Phenotype frequencies of Rh (C, c, E, e), M, Mi^a and Kidd blood group systems among ethnic Thai blood donors from the north‐east of Thailand

Abstract

We here report the first study of antigen and phenotype frequencies of Rh (C, c, E, e), M, Mia and Kidd antigens in north‐east Thai blood donors. Blood transfusion services aim to ensure availability of adequate and safe blood to minimize the development of transfusion reactions. For pre‐transfusion testing, the most important blood group systems are ABO and RhD. The transfusion of ABO‐compatible otherwise unknown phenotype blood may result in alloimmunization, especially in multi‐transfused patients. Extended red blood cell (RBC) phenotyping and selection of blood negative for specific antigens reduce post‐transfusion complications and allow for effective blood transfusion regimens to be achieved. A total of 13,567 regular repeated, voluntary Thai blood donors were included for red‐cell antigen typing of Rh (D, C, E, c, e). Samples from 12,768, 9,389 and 13,059 donors were typed for Kidd, M and Mia antigens, respectively. Amongst Rh antigens, e was the most common (96.80%) followed by C (95.50%), c (34.40%) and E (32.20%) with CCDee (60.00%) being the most common phenotype. For Kidd phenotypes, Jk(a+b+) was the most common (46.73%) and Jk(a−b−) was rare (0.07%). For the M and Mia antigen, M(+) was most frequently found (94.96%) and Mia(+) was found in 17.97% of individuals. Knowledge of red‐cell antigen phenotype frequencies in a population is helpful for creating a phenotype database of blood donors which can provide antigen‐negative compatible blood to patients with multiple alloantibodies. Moreover, provision of antigen‐matched blood can prevent alloimmunization in multi‐transfused patients.

Red blood cell alloimmunization and other transfusion‐related complications in patients with transfusion‐dependent thalassemia: A multi‐center study in Thailand

“…However, these findings are similar to the previous studies in Thailand, Singapore, and Hong Kong, which may be explained by the similarity in the Asian background population 11,16,22 . Moreover, a study of antigen frequencies of Rh (C, c, E, e) and MNS (M, Mi a ) blood group systems among Thai blood donors showed low frequencies of E (32.2%), c (34.4%), and Mi a (17.9%) antigen 23 . These data support the high incidence of alloimmunization against E antigen (28.2%), c antigen (11.3%), and Mi a antigen (15.8%) in this cohort, which may be explained by the mismatch between donor and recipient antigen.…”

Hybrid glycophorin and red blood cell antigen genotyping in Asian American type O blood donors with Mia phenotype

“…Frequencies of c‐ C+ e+ E‐, c+ C+ e+ E+ and c+ C+ e+ E‐ phenotypes were 58.8%, 18.6%, and 19.6% in the 97 Mi a ‐positive donors, respectively (Table ). The RHCE phenotype distributions are very similar to the antigen frequencies in the Thai population in Bangkok and the Chinese population in Malaysia . All 97 Mi a ‐positive donors were Di(a‐ b+) (Table ), which is consistent with populations with high prevalence of GP.Mur phenotype in Taiwan .…”

Development of Mia Phenotyping Using Paper-Based Device

“…The distribution of these glycophorins varies between ethnic populations. The Mi a antigen is quite different when comparing Thai populations—central Thais (9.7%) [ 6 ], southern Thais (4.7%) [ 7 ], and northeastern Thais (17.9%) [ 8 ].…”

“…Avoiding alloimmunization for other Rh blood group antigens (D, C, c, E, or e) is routinely performed in European systems for women and patients receiving a chronic transfusion, patients with thalassemia, and sickle cell anemia [ 9 ]. In Thailand, the Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of thalassemia syndromes define the minimal requirement for red blood cell (RBC) antigen matching, including Rh and MNS blood group systems for transfusion to prevent alloimmunization [ 8 ].…”