“…Top DNAm sites at birth implicate, among others, genes involved in neural functions (e.g., myelination, neurotransmitter release). The most notable example is ST3GAL3: common variation in this gene has also been identified as a top GWAS hit for ADHD (Demontis et al, 2019;Klein et al, 2019), rare mutations of ST3GAL3 associate with cognitive and motor developmental delays (Khamirani et al, 2021), and ST3GAL3 knockout in mice results in profound cognitive deficits and hyperactivity due to myelination disruption (Rivero et al, 2021). Similar epigenetic timing effects (i.e., where prospective associations at birth show overall a stronger signal in EWAS results than cross-sectional associations in childhood) have also been observed for other neurodevelopmental phenotypes (e.g., social communication deficits (Rijlaarsdam et al, 2021)), but not for broader child mental (e.g., general psychopathology (Rijlaarsdam et al, 2022), sleep problems (Sammallahti et al, 2022)) or physical (e.g., BMI; Vehmeijer et al, 2020) health outcomes, despite studies using largely overlapping data, which points to a degree of phenotypic specificity.…”