“…The environments in which water buffalo are kept are well suited to the water and mud snails that act as intermediate hosts for a range of Fasciolidae, Paramphistomatidae, Dicrocoeliidae and Schistosomatidae trematode parasites of the liver, forestomach, intestinal tract and blood, causing disease and production loss. Immature and adult parasites of the Fasciolidae (Afshan et al, 2013;Amor et al, 2011;Shahzad W, 2012;Shoriki et al, 2014) and Paramphistomatidae families (Hanna et al, 1988;Ichikawa et al, 2013;Khan et al, 1990;Mazahery et al, 1994) are common in the liver parenchyma and bile ducts of slaughtered buffalo kept throughout subtropical regions. In addition, the Dicrocoeliidae family parasites which require a land snail first intermediate host, are occasionally reported in the livers of buffalo in subtropical regions, for example in Iran and India (Eduardo, 1985;Gorjipoor et al, 2015;Jithendran and Bhat, 1996).…”