Phenotypic variation and host interactions of <i>Xenorhabdus bovienii</i> SS‐2004, the entomopathogenic symbiont of <i>Steinernema jollieti</i> nematodes

Sugar, Darby R.; Murfin, Kristen E.; Chaston, John M.; Andersen, Aaron W.; Richards, Gregory R.; deLéon, Limaris; Baum, James A.; Clinton, William; Forst, Steven; Goldman, Barry S.; Krasomil-Osterfeld, Karina C.; Slater, Steven; Stock, S. Patricia; Goodrich-Blair, Heidi

doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02663.x

Cited by 43 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 82 publications

(170 reference statements)

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“…A likely group of bacterial threats to Osmia are Photorhabdus luminescens and Xenorhabdus nematophila [51,52]. Both are nematode associated insect pathogens and are released by the vector after entering the haemocoele of insect larvae [70].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diverse Microbiota Identified in Whole Intact Nest Chambers of the Red Mason Bee Osmia bicornis (Linnaeus 1758)

2013

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Microbial activity is known to have profound impact on bee ecology and physiology, both by beneficial and pathogenic effects. Most information about such associations is available for colony-building organisms, and especially the honey bee. There, active manipulations through worker bees result in a restricted diversity of microbes present within the colony environment. Microbial diversity in solitary bee nests remains unstudied, although their larvae face a very different situation compared with social bees by growing up in isolated compartments. Here, we assessed the microbiota present in nests and pre-adults of Osmia bicornis, the red mason bee, by culture-independent pyrosequencing. We found high bacterial diversity not comparable with honey bee colonies. We identified a variety of bacteria potentially with positive or negative interactions for bee larvae. However, most of the other diverse bacteria present in the nests seem to originate from environmental sources through incorporated nest building material and stored pollen. This diversity of microorganisms may cause severe larval mortality and require specific physiological or symbiotic adaptations against microbial threats. They may however also profit from such a diverse environment through gain of mutualistic partners. We conclude that further studies of microbiota interaction in solitary bees will improve the understanding of fitness components and populations dynamics.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diverse Microbiota Identified in Whole Intact Nest Chambers of the Red Mason Bee Osmia bicornis (Linnaeus 1758)

2013

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“…Once inside the insect, the IJ releases symbiotic bacteria (Enterobacteriaceae) from its alimentary tract. The bacteria associated with the Steinernematidae are in the genus Xenorhabdus whereas those with the Heterorhabditidae are Photorhabdus; and both nematode and bacteria contribute to overwhelming the insect's immune system and killing the host (Boemare, 2002;Dillman, Chaston, Adams, Ciche, GoodrichBlair, et al, 2012;Forst & Clarke, 2002;Sugar, Murfin, Chaston, Andersen, Richards, et al, 2012). The bacteria proliferate rapidly and soon dominate the insect cadaver.…”

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confidence: 94%

Entomopathogenic Nematodes in the Soil Environment: Distributions, Interactions and the Influence of Biotic and Abiotic Factors

Stuart¹,

Barbercheck

Grewal³

2015

Nematode Pathogenesis of Insects and Other Pests

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“…Examples of relevant plasmids are listed in Table 2. All of these plasmids have been successfully used in either Xenorhabdus or Photorhabdus bacteria in association with their nematode host 14,17,20,24,[33][34][35] . To ensure stable maintenance of the fluorescent protein during nematode colonization it is best to use a plasmid that will insert into the chromosome of the target bacterium.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Microscopic analysis reveals both colonization frequency within a population and localization of bacteria to host tissues 14,16,[19][20][21] . This is an advantage over other methods of monitoring bacteria within nematode populations, such as sonication 22 or grinding 23 , which can provide average levels of colonization, but may not, for example, discriminate populations with a high frequency of low symbiont loads from populations with a low frequency of high symbiont loads.…”

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Visualizing Bacteria in Nematodes using Fluorescent Microscopy

Murfin

Chaston

Goodrich-Blair

2012

JoVE

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Symbioses, the living together of two or more organisms, are widespread throughout all kingdoms of life. As two of the most ubiquitous organisms on earth, nematodes and bacteria form a wide array of symbiotic associations that range from beneficial to pathogenic [1][2][3] . One such association is the mutually beneficial relationship between Xenorhabdus bacteria and Steinernema nematodes, which has emerged as a model system of symbiosis 4 . Steinernema nematodes are entomopathogenic, using their bacterial symbiont to kill insects 5 . For transmission between insect hosts, the bacteria colonize the intestine of the nematode's infective juvenile stage [6][7][8] . Recently, several other nematode species have been shown to utilize bacteria to kill insects [9][10][11][12][13] , and investigations have begun examining the interactions between the nematodes and bacteria in these systems 9 .We describe a method for visualization of a bacterial symbiont within or on a nematode host, taking advantage of the optical transparency of nematodes when viewed by microscopy. The bacteria are engineered to express a fluorescent protein, allowing their visualization by fluorescence microscopy. Many plasmids are available that carry genes encoding proteins that fluoresce at different wavelengths (i.e. green or red), and conjugation of plasmids from a donor Escherichia coli strain into a recipient bacterial symbiont is successful for a broad range of bacteria. The methods described were developed to investigate the association between Steinernema carpocapsae and Xenorhabdus nematophila 14 . Similar methods have been used to investigate other nematode-bacterium associations 9,[15][16][17][18] and the approach therefore is generally applicable.The method allows characterization of bacterial presence and localization within nematodes at different stages of development, providing insights into the nature of the association and the process of colonization 14,16,19 . Microscopic analysis reveals both colonization frequency within a population and localization of bacteria to host tissues 14,16,[19][20][21] . This is an advantage over other methods of monitoring bacteria within nematode populations, such as sonication 22 or grinding 23 , which can provide average levels of colonization, but may not, for example, discriminate populations with a high frequency of low symbiont loads from populations with a low frequency of high symbiont loads. Discriminating the frequency and load of colonizing bacteria can be especially important when screening or characterizing bacterial mutants for colonization phenotypes 21,24 . Indeed, fluorescence microscopy has been used in high throughput screening of bacterial mutants for defects in colonization 17,18 , and is less laborious than other methods, including sonication 22,[25][26][27] and individual nematode dissection 28,29 . Video LinkThe video component of this article can be found at

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Phenotypic variation and host interactions of Xenorhabdus bovienii SS‐2004, the entomopathogenic symbiont of Steinernema jollieti nematodes

Cited by 43 publications

References 82 publications

Diverse Microbiota Identified in Whole Intact Nest Chambers of the Red Mason Bee Osmia bicornis (Linnaeus 1758)

Diverse Microbiota Identified in Whole Intact Nest Chambers of the Red Mason Bee Osmia bicornis (Linnaeus 1758)

Entomopathogenic Nematodes in the Soil Environment: Distributions, Interactions and the Influence of Biotic and Abiotic Factors

Visualizing Bacteria in Nematodes using Fluorescent Microscopy

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