“…10,11 Emerging diagnostic platforms are employing microfluidics, biosensors, and lab-on-a-chip technology for genotypic and phenotypic detection of β-lactamases. [12][13][14] Rapid phenotypic ASTs hybridized with microfluidic chips and biosensors measuring optical, 15 chemical, [16][17][18] electrical, [19][20][21][22] mechanical, 23,24 or other 25,26 signals during bacteria growth in the presence of β-lactam antibiotics have been demonstrated even with very low numbers of bacteria and sample volumes and in parallel testing of different pathogens with multiple antibiotics. While holding great potentials, their robustness, costeffectiveness, and adaptability into large scale clinical setting remains to be further illustrated.…”