Phenotyping of minor blood groups (C, c, E, e, and Mia) using a paper-based device and image-based high-throughput detection

DROP and READ: a paper-based device combined with portable readout for ABO, Rh (D, C, c, E, e) and Mia phenotyping

“…In this study, we used the F score and a specific criterion algorithm to interpret the results of each blood-group antigen. 14 The optimal cut-off was 0.15, 0.14, 0.15, 0.14, and 0.17 for C, c, E, e, and Mi a , respectively. 14 A higher value (> cut off) was positive, whereas a lower value (< cut off) was negative (Fig.…”

“…Similar to our previous study, the blood-typing results were captured with the smartphone and were then imported into the OpenCV to phenotype the C, c, E, e, and Mi a antigens. 14 To reduce the complexity of the capturing process, we used a camera and LEDs to illuminate the inside of the box to observe the blood-typing results. Likewise, Ozcan and colleagues integrated a rapid diagnostic test reader platform with a cellphone and tested it with malaria, tuberculosis, and HIV RDTs.…”

“…We designed a blood-group-typing cassette to cover the PAD by using SOLIDWORKS (DS SolidWorks Corp., Waltham, MS, USA) according to our previous work. 14 The cassette was rectangular and was 4 × 5 × 6 cm in size (Fig. 1B).…”

“…20 Likewise, Chomean and colleagues developed an ABO–Rh(D) typing method by using an optical answer sheet. 18 To phenotype extended blood groups and C, c, E, e, and Mi a antigens, 14 image-based high-throughput methods have been used. Recently, an AI-solution platform and a lab-on-a-chip instrument have been developed for several diagnosis purposes.…”

“…12 Several weak phenotypes that were previously classified as false negatives were discovered in several blood group systems. [13][14][15] In this life-threatening situation, blood group phenotyping requires a reliable test, interpretations that are easy to make, and quick results. Thus, using fewer steps and less equipment would be beneficial.…”