Phenylalanine ammonia lyase as a precursory enzyme of legume stem lignification

Bidlack, James E.; Buxton, D. R.; Shibles, Richard; Anderson, I. C.

doi:10.4141/cjps95-022

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Both PAL transcript level and PAL activity decreased basipetally along the stem, indicating the maximum of both responses occur in actively-elongation internodes. Similar results were also reported by Morrison (1994) and Bidlack (1995). In this work, NaCl treatment of A.littoralis plants results in increased PAL protein that has been related to increament of lignin content and has been associated with reductions in stem growth.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…is the first enzyme of phenylpropanoid pathway that catalyzes the conversion of L-phenylalanine to trans-cinnamic acid. Positive effect of PAL on plant cell wall lignification has been established (Bidlack et al, 1995) and Down regulation of PAL resulted in lignin modification in transgenic plants (Ogras et al, 2000). Studies have shown that PAL activity respond to various stresses, such as wounding, drought, salinity, heavy metals and infection by viruses, bacteria or fungi, therefore, PAL is involved in the defense response of plant cells (MacDonald andD Cunha, 2007, Gao et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Phenylalanine ammonialyase gene expression and activity in relation to lignin deposition in salt stressed aeluropus littoralis

Kelij¹,

Majd²,

Nematzade³

et al. 2013

asb

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Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase is the first enzyme of phenylpropanoid pathway and has an important role on plant cell wall lignification. The influence of different concentrations (0, 200 and 400 mM) of NaCl on growth, lignin content and PAL gene expression and activity were investigated at different internode positions (first ,fourth and seventh internodes) in a halophyte grass, Aeluropus littoralis (Gouan) parl. Salt stress inhibited the growth, increased the PAL mRNA level and induced PAL activity as well as lignin deposition. Level of gene expression and activity of PAL changed during internode maturity and decreased basipetally along the stem. Growth inhibition under NaCl stress can be the consequence of incorporation of lignin in the cell wall. The result suggests that A. littoralis with growth retardation, higher PAL gene expression and activity and increment of lignin content could have better tolerance at saline conditions. 404 Sedighe Kelij et al.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phenylalanine ammonialyase gene expression and activity in relation to lignin deposition in salt stressed aeluropus littoralis

Kelij¹,

Majd²,

Nematzade³

et al. 2013

asb

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“…Lignin, an umbrella term for a large group of complex aromatic polymers resulting from the oxidative polymerization of hydroxycinnamyl alcohols ( 32 , 33 ), is associated with mechanical support, water transport in the xylem, and defense against pests and microorganisms in plants ( 34 ). In monocots, lignin deposition occurs after the incorporation of hemicellulose and cellulose into the cell wall ( 35 , 36 ). Lignification begins when cell wall polysaccharides become cross-linked to monolignols through hydroxycinnamic acids ( 37 ).…”

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confidence: 99%

Multiseriate cortical sclerenchyma enhance root penetration in compacted soils

Schneider

Strock

Hanlon

et al. 2021

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Mechanical impedance limits soil exploration and resource capture by plant roots. We examine the role of root anatomy in regulating plant adaptation to mechanical impedance and identify a root anatomical phene in maize (Zea mays) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) associated with penetration of hard soil: Multiseriate cortical sclerenchyma (MCS). We characterize this trait and evaluate the utility of MCS for root penetration in compacted soils. Roots with MCS had a greater cell wall-to-lumen ratio and a distinct UV emission spectrum in outer cortical cells. Genome-wide association mapping revealed that MCS is heritable and genetically controlled. We identified a candidate gene associated with MCS. Across all root classes and nodal positions, maize genotypes with MCS had 13% greater root lignin concentration compared to genotypes without MCS. Genotypes without MCS formed MCS upon exogenous ethylene exposure. Genotypes with MCS had greater lignin concentration and bending strength at the root tip. In controlled environments, MCS in maize and wheat was associated improved root tensile strength and increased penetration ability in compacted soils. Maize genotypes with MCS had root systems with 22% greater depth and 49% greater shoot biomass in compacted soils in the field compared to lines without MCS. Of the lines we assessed, MCS was present in 30 to 50% of modern maize, wheat, and barley cultivars but was absent in teosinte and wild and landrace accessions of wheat and barley. MCS merits investigation as a trait for improving plant performance in maize, wheat, and other grasses under edaphic stress.

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