Pheromones of the honey bee—The secretion of the Nassanoff gland of the worker

Nasonov pheromone of the honey bee,Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

“…Shearer and Boch (1966) reported that they were initially absent and were formed only during aging of the glandular extract. However, Butler and Calam (1969) found the citrals in samples analyzed within 4 min of extraction. These apparently conflicting results remained unresolved, except for a suggestion by Blum (1971) that transformation of terpenes could be taking place in the Nasonov gland by enzymic oxidation.…”

“…Weaver et al, 1964;Butler and Calam, 1969); the latter two compounds were isolated as methyl ester derivatives. However, presence of the citrals was not established with certainty.…”

“…Shearer (1963, 1964) found 0-1.5 #g geraniol/bee depending on age. The ratio of citrals to geraniol was estimated at 1 : 7 by Weaver et al (1964) and at 1:33 by Butler and Calam (1969). However, a synthetic mixture based on these figures has not been tested.…”

Ocorrência e morfometria de glândulas tegumentares abdominais em Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera, Apidae)

“…Na atividade forrageira, um feromÔnio é liberado quando o abdomem da operária se expande, havendo a exposição da membrana onde desemboca a glândula, a que fica ómida pela secreção. Essa secreção volátil é disseminada por ventilação das asas (Butler & Calam, 1969). Von Frisch (1923), verificou que o odor das glândulas de Nassanoff é liberado perto das fontes de alimento, quandO o suprimento alimentar é compensat6rio, atraindo novas forrageiras, mas, Wenner & alii (1969) observaram que a freqüência de exposição das glândulas de Nassanoff -aumenta quandO a intensidade do odor do alimento diminui, portanto, substituiria a função do odor natural do alimento, como fato r de atração.…”

Untitled

“…Die Bienen produzieren darin bereits wenige Tage nach Beendigung ihrer Entwicklung zum fliegenden Insekt vier acyclische, biogenetisch nahe verwandte Monoterpene [4,5,6], 0 Monoterpene in der Nassanoff-Druse von Bienen (Apis mellitica I Einleitung Noch im Jahre 1921 konnte der Pflanzenphysiologe CZAPEK in seinem viel beachteten Werk ,,Biochemie der Pflanzen" schreiben, daB keine Sekundärstoffe in Tieren gefunden worden seien [1]. Diese Feststellung erstaunte wenig, betrachtete man doch zu dieser Zeit pflanzliche Sekundärstoffe als abgelagerte Abfallprodukte, während Tiere dagegen über wirkungsvolle Ausscheidungsmechanismen verfugen.…”