Phialophora verrucosa infection in an AIDS patient

Duggan, Joan; Wolf, Mary C.; Kauffman, Carol A.

doi:10.1111/j.1439-0507.1995.tb00052.x

Cited by 25 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…New cases of chromoblastomycosis have recently been reported in Brazil (Minotto et al , 2001), Mexico (Bonifaz et al , 2001), Comoro Islands (Poirriez et al , 2000), the USA (Sevigny & Ramos‐Caro, 2000) and Japan (Tanuma et al , 2000), reinforcing the necessity for further studies of this disease. The disease has a high morbidity and this increasing medical problem is also linked with the AIDS epidemic, and a case of disseminated chromoblastomycosis evolving in an AIDS patient has been published (Duggan et al , 1995). Pathogenesis involves a complex interrelationship of factors between the infecting organism and the host (van Burik & Magee, 2001), and the basic virulence attributes that allow F. pedrosoi to establish infections remain unclear.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The major chromoblastomycosis fungal pathogen,Fonsecaea pedrosoi, extracellularly releases proteolytic enzymes whose expression is modulated by culture medium composition: implications on the fungal development and cleavage of key's host structures

Palmeira¹,

Kneipp²,

Alviano³

et al. 2006

FEMS Immunology &Amp; Medical Microbiology

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We investigated the possible secretion of peptidases by F. pedrosoi, when conidial cells were cultured in two distinct media. Aspartyl proteolytic activity was detected on the Czapeck-Dox-derived supernatant, which was blocked by pepstatin, and only active in extremely acidic conditions. The supernatant obtained after conidia growth in Kauffman medium presented metallopeptidase activity, which was active over a broad pH range and sensitive to 1,10-phenanthroline and EGTA. Additionally, both culture supernatants were able to cleave a wide range of proteinaceous substrates, including important human serum proteins (e.g. albumin and immunoglobulin G) and extracellular matrix components (e.g. fibronectin and laminin). As peptidases participate in different cellular metabolic pathways, we also tested the influence of proteolytic inhibitors on the F. pedrosoi conidia development in vitro. The metallopeptidase inhibitors, 1,10-phenanthroline, EGTA and EDTA, strongly abrogated the growth of conidial forms by approximately 95%, 85% and 60%, respectively. Moreover, 1,10-phenanthroline blocked the differentiation process from conidia to mycelia, an essential step during the F. pedrosoi life cycle. Phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride, a serine peptidase inhibitor, slightly reduced the conidial growth, whereas proteolytic inhibitors of cysteine (E-64) and aspartic (pepstatin) type peptidases did not alter conidial developmental behavior. In summary, our results showed for the first time the expression of extracellular proteolytic activity by F. pedrosoi conidial cells.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The major chromoblastomycosis fungal pathogen,Fonsecaea pedrosoi, extracellularly releases proteolytic enzymes whose expression is modulated by culture medium composition: implications on the fungal development and cleavage of key's host structures

Palmeira¹,

Kneipp²,

Alviano³

et al. 2006

FEMS Immunology &Amp; Medical Microbiology

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“…In recent literature, 59 species of 28 genera and three classes were described as the etiologic agents of pheohyphomycosis [1]. The numbers of case reports of infections with dematiaceous fungi have increased [4–12]. Outcomes of antifungal therapies for these infections have remained poor.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of pathogenic dematiaceous fungi and related taxa based on large subunit ribosomal DNA D1/D2 domain sequence analysis

Abliz

Fukushima

Takizawa

et al. 2004

FEMS Immunology &Amp; Medical Microbiology

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The nucleotide sequences of the D1/D2 domains of large subunit (26S) ribosomal DNA for 76 strains of 46 species of pathogenic dematiaceous fungi and related taxa were determined. Intra-species sequence diversity of medically important dematiaceous fungi including Phialophora verrucosa, Fonsecaea pedrosoi, Fonsecaea compacta, Cladophialophora carrionii, Cladophialophora bantiana, Exophiala dermatitidis, Exophiala jeanselmei, Exophiala spinifera, Exophiala moniliae, and Hortaea werneckii were extremely small; as few as 0 changes were detected in C. bantiana, Fonsecaea and Exophiala species, 1 bp in C. carrionii and H. werneckii, and 2 bp in P. verrucosa. Inter-species nucleotide diversity between most species was higher. These data suggested that the D1/D2 domain is sufficiently variable for identification of pathogenic dematiaceous fungi and relevant species. The phylogenetic trees constructed from the sequence data revealed that most human pathogenic species formed a single cluster and that Cladosporium and Phialophora species were distributed polyphyletically into several clusters.

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“…Sequencing has demonstrated a close relatedness, suggesting that the species may be synonymous (185,811). P. verrucosa is primarily an agent of chromoblastomycosis (257,770), although other reported infections include endocarditis, keratitis, and osteomyelitis (209,760). A recently described species implicated in superficial infections, P. europaea, has very short collarettes (179).…”

Section: Chaetothyrialesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…and Phialophora spp. are the next most common fungi, followed by Cladosporium spp., Exserohilum spp., Veronaea botryosa, and many others with scattered case reports (7,12,19,23,32,36,56,61,65,81,140,143,194,209,230,241,251,258,306,313,342,362,365,369,387,413,418,421,457,469,482,486,487,495,539,559,556,568,571,576,590,609,613,614,646,659,694,699,720,728,…”

Section: Phaeohyphomycosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Melanized Fungi in Human Disease

2010

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SUMMARY Melanized or dematiaceous fungi are associated with a wide variety of infectious syndromes. Many are soil organisms and are generally distributed worldwide, though certain species appear to have restricted geographic ranges. Though they are uncommon causes of disease, melanized fungi have been increasingly recognized as important pathogens, with most reports occurring in the past 20 years. The spectrum of diseases with which they are associated has also broadened and includes allergic disease, superficial and deep local infections, pneumonia, brain abscess, and disseminated infection. For some infections in immunocompetent individuals, such as allergic fungal sinusitis and brain abscess, they are among the most common etiologic fungi. Melanin is a likely virulence factor for these fungi. Diagnosis relies on careful microscopic and pathological examination, as well as clinical assessment of the patient, as these fungi are often considered contaminants. Therapy varies depending upon the clinical syndrome. Local infection may be cured with excision alone, while systemic disease is often refractory to therapy. Triazoles such as voriconazole, posaconazole, and itraconazole have the most consistent in vitro activity. Further studies are needed to better understand the pathogenesis and optimal treatment of these uncommon infections.

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Phialophora verrucosa infection in an AIDS patient

Cited by 25 publications

References 25 publications

The major chromoblastomycosis fungal pathogen,Fonsecaea pedrosoi, extracellularly releases proteolytic enzymes whose expression is modulated by culture medium composition: implications on the fungal development and cleavage of key's host structures

The major chromoblastomycosis fungal pathogen,Fonsecaea pedrosoi, extracellularly releases proteolytic enzymes whose expression is modulated by culture medium composition: implications on the fungal development and cleavage of key's host structures

Identification of pathogenic dematiaceous fungi and related taxa based on large subunit ribosomal DNA D1/D2 domain sequence analysis

Melanized Fungi in Human Disease

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